5.3 Guidance Flashcards
Guidance
When learning or developing skills, performers may need assistance from a coach or teacher; this assistance is known as guidance, and can come in various forms:
Visual
Verbal
Manual
Mechanical
Visual guidance
Demonstration of technique or skill by another person.
Footage of performance via DVD, analysis software, slow motion, different angles and still images.
Demonstration for beginners will only work if they are clear, concise, easy to understand, realistic standard and backed up with simple verbal guidance.
Visual guidance allows learners to see a skill performed as a whole movement, or broken down into individual, smaller actions.
This type of guidance is especially important for beginners learning new skills, who may struggle to follow spoken instruction without first being able to visualise a movement.
Elite performers may rely less on visual guidance as they are more familiar with complex spoken terminology.
Verbal guidance
Verbal guidance is spoken guidance, and involves a performer being told how to perform a skill by a coach or teacher.
When given to beginners verbal advice is likely to be more effective when used alongside visual guidance; this is because:
Beginners may not yet have a good grasp of sport-specific language
Beginners may not be able to visualise a skill performed effectively.
Elite performers are likely to make more use of verbal guidance, and may not need it to be accompanied by visual aids.
Elite performers will have learned complex terminology relating to particular skills.
Elite performers will know what skills should look like.
Manual guidance
This involves a coach physically moving or supporting a performer’s body to show how to perform a skill correctly, or to aid the performance.
Manual guidance is used more during beginner development, allowing beginners to carry out skills which they might otherwise be unable to complete, and to learn how a movement feels.
Elite performers are unlikely to require manual guidance.
Mechanical guidance
Mechanical guidance plays a very similar role to manual guidance, but it involves the use of supportive equipment rather than physical support from a coach.
This type of guidance provides additional support and safety, allowing beginners to learn new skills without worrying about harm.
As with manual guidance, this is unlikely to be needed by elite performers.
Positive feedback
This is an important process in telling the performer what they need to continue to do for future performances.
Positive feedback is excellent for motivating a performer. It is particularly important for beginners because it helps to build their confidence when they are trying a new skill.
Negative feedback
Negative feedback is an important process for identifying faults for a performer so that they can correct them for future performances.
Negative feedback is mainly used with elite performers so that they can make small corrections to their technique.
Knowledge of result / performance
Knowledge of results (KR) feedback involves knowing the outcome of a performance; this is likely to be a statistic that forms part of a final result.
Knowledge of performance (KP) feedback relates to individual performance regardless of any final result.
Extrinsic feedback
Extrinsic feedback often comes from a coach or teacher (it comes from the outside).
Extrinsic feedback could also come from a team-mate or, from a result they get in competition.
Extrinsic feedback is important for beginners because they do not have the experience to recognise faults (or positives) with their own performance.
Intrinsic feedback
Intrinsic feedback comes from within a performer themselves,
Performers can use their senses to tell themselves (e.g. the feel of the shot off the bat in cricket or looking to see where a golf shot lands).
The process of ‘feeling’ performance through the muscles is known as kinesthesis.
Elite performers commonly use this. They know how a technique or skill should feel when doing it well.
