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Biology SL > 5.3 Classification > Flashcards

5.3 Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the binomial system of nomenclature?

A

the formation system why which all living species are classified (taxonomy)

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2
Q

why is the binomial system useful? (4)

A
  • allows for identification and comparison of organisms based on recognised characteristics
  • allows all organisms to be named according to a globally recognised scheme
  • shows how closely related organisms are, allowing for the prediction of evolutionary linked
  • makes it easier to collect, sort and group info about orgniasms
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3
Q

how does the binomial system designate a scientific name?

A

1st part - Genus
2nd part - species

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4
Q

what 3 domains are living things classified in?

A
  • Eukarya - eukaryotic organisms that contain a membrane-bound nucleus (protist, plants, fungi & animals)
  • Archae - prokaryotic cells lack nucleus and consist of the extremophiles
  • eubacteria - prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and consist of the common pathogenic forms
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5
Q

why did the 2 prokaryotic domains once consist only as a single kingdom?

A

biochemical differenced between the 2 groups which warranted their reclassification into separate domains

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6
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

science involved with classifying groups of organisms on the bases of shared characteristics

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7
Q

state the hierarchy of taxa?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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8
Q

what domain do all plants and animal species belong to and why?

A

eukarya
- they are composed of eukaryotic cells

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9
Q

what are the 3 main schemes of classification used to identify living organisms?

A

artificial classification
natural classification
phylogenetic classification

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10
Q

what is artificial classification?

A

the arbitrarily selecting unifying characteristics first and the grouping organisms accordingly

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11
Q

what are 2 advantages of artificial classification?

A

easy to develop
relatively stable

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12
Q

what is the main disadvantage of artificial classification?

A
  • they do not generally show the evolutionary relationship
    eg. if organisms were classified according to the presence of fins then whales would be fish
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13
Q

what is natural classification?

A

involves grouping organisms based on similarities first then identifying shared characteristics

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14
Q

what do all members of a particular group share according to natural classification? (3)

A
  • all members would have a common ancestor
  • species of the same genus would have a common genus ancestor and be more closely related than species of the same order
  • so organisms that share a lower taxa share all higher taxa
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15
Q

what are 3 advantages of natural classification?

A
  • it identifies traits based on grouping rather than assigning groups based on traits
  • which show evolutionary relationships
  • can predict characteristics shared by species within a group
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16
Q

what is a disadvantage of natural classification?

A

they are highly mutable- tend to change as new information is discovered
- groups may be separated into genera if new evidence suggests they evolved from different ancestral species

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17
Q

what is an example of a species which was originally classified as something and then reclassified into different genera?

A

figworts (based on DNA comparison)

18
Q

what is an example of a species that is grouped into a shared taxon when new evidence suggests more recent common ancestry?

A
  • homininae sub-family as created to include gorillas and chimpanzees when it was deduced that they shared more common ancestry wth humans that with other great apes
19
Q

what is phylogenic classification?

A

organisms who share a grater level of homology in their DNA or amino acid sequence are expected to be more closely related

20
Q

what are the 3 key recognition features of Bryophyta and 2 examples?

A
  • no vascularisation (eg. phloem and xylem)
  • no ‘true’ leaves, roots or stems (anchored by rhizoid(like root))
  • reproduce by releasing spores from sporangia (reproductive stalks)
  • examples. mosses and liverworts
21
Q

what are the 3 key recognition features of Filicinophyta and an example?

A
  • has vascularisation (eg. phloem and xylem)
  • have leaves, roots and stems (leaves are pinnate,large fronds divided into leaflets)
  • reproduce by releasing spores from clusters called sori
  • eg. ferns
22
Q

what are the 3 key recognition features of Corniferophyta and 2 examples?

A
  • has vascularisation
  • has leaves, roots and stems (leaves are needle like&waxy and stems are woody)
  • reproduce by non-motile gametes (seeds) which are found in cones
  • eg. pine trees and conifers
23
Q

what are the 3 key recognition features of angiospermaphyta and 2 examples?

A
  • has vascularisation
  • has leaves, roots and stems
  • reproduce by seeds produced in ovules within flowers (seeds may develop in fruit)
  • eg. include all flowering plants and grasses
24
Q

what is the kingdom of Animalia sub-divided into?

A

invertebrates
vertebrates

25
Q

what are examples of invertebrate phyla? (6)

A

porifera, cnidaria, platyhemintha, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda

26
Q

what are the 3 key recognition features of platyhelmintha and 2 examples?

A
  • have bilateral symmetry
  • have mouth but no anus
  • have flattened body shape to increase SA:Vol ratio (may be parasitic)
  • eg. tapeworms and planaria
27
Q

what are the 3 key recognition features of annelida and 2 examples?

A
  • have bilateral symmetry
  • have separate mouth and anus
  • body composed of ringed segments with specialisation of segments
  • eg. earthworms and leeches
28
Q

what are the 3 key recognition features of mollusca and 2 examples?

A
  • have bilateral symmetry
  • have separate mouth and anus
  • body composed of a visceral mass, a muscular foot and a mantle (also shell)
  • eg. snails, slugs, octopi , squid and bivalves
29
Q

what are the 3 key recognition features of arthropoda and 5 examples?

A
  • have bilateral symmetry
  • have separate mouth and anus
  • have jointed body sections/appendages and have a hard exoskeleton (chitin)
  • eg. insets, crustaceans, spider, scorpions and centipedes
30
Q

what phylum do all vertebrates belong to?

A

chordata

31
Q

what are the 3 key recognition features of arthropoda and 5 examples?

A
  • have bilateral symmetry
  • have separate mouth and anus
  • have jointed body sections/appendages and have a hard exoskeleton (chitin)
  • eg. insets, crustaceans, spider, scorpions and centipedes
32
Q

what are the 3 key recognition features of chordata and 5 examples?

A
  • have bilateral symmetry
  • have separate anus and mouth
  • have notochord and a hollow dorsal nerve tube for at least some period of their life cycle
    -eg. mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish
33
Q

what key features in an embryonic state that may persist into adulthood do chordata have? (5)

A
  • notochord, hollow dorsal neutral tube, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail
34
Q

what will occur in some chordates whcih forms a protective backbone?

A

develop a spine (vetrebrata)

35
Q

what are 5 examples of vertebrata?

A
  • fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds, mammals
36
Q

what are the characteristics of fish? (4)

A
  • covered in scales and made out of bony plated in the skin
  • reproduce via external fertilisation
  • breathe through gills that are covered with an operculum
  • does not maintain a constant internal body temperature(ectothermic)
37
Q

what are the characteristics of amphibians?(4)

A
  • moist skin permeable to gases and water
  • reproduce via external fertilisation
  • can breathe through skin but also have lungs
  • do not maintain a constant internal body temperature
38
Q

what are the characteristics of reptiles? (4)

A
  • covered in scales made out of keratin
  • reproduce via internal fertilisation and females lay eggs with short shells
  • breathe through lungs that have extensive folding
  • do not maintain a constant internal body temperature (ectothermic)
39
Q

what are the characteristics of birds? (4)

A
  • covered in feathers (keratin)
  • reproduce via internal fertilisation with hard shells
  • breathe through lungs with parabronchial tubes
  • maintain a constant internal body temperature (endothermic)
40
Q

what are the characteristics of mammals? (4)

A
  • skin has follicles which produce hair made out of keratin
  • reproduce via internal fertilisation and female feed young with milk from mammary glands
  • breathe through lungs with alveoli
  • maintain a constant internal body temperature (endothermic)
41
Q

what is a dichotomous key?

A

method of identification whereby groups of organisms are divided into 2 categories

42
Q

what is it preferable to use to identify specimens when identifying dichotomous keys? (3)

A

immutable features
- size, colouration and behavioural patterns may all vary amount individuals and across lifetimes
- physical structures and biological processes make for better characteristics

Biology SL (38 decks)

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