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Biology SL > 2.3 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

2.3 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements are carbohydrates composed of?

A

C, H, O

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2
Q

What are carbohydrates composed of?

A

Recurring monomers -> monosacchrides

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3
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 monosacharides join via glycosidic bonds

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4
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Many monosaccharides joined via glycosidic bonds

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5
Q

What are three exmaples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, galactose and fructose

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6
Q

What are three examples of disaccharides?

A

Lactose, maltose and sucrose

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7
Q

What are three examples of polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose, glycogen and starch

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8
Q

What does the polysaccharide formation depend on ?

A

The monosaccharide subunits involved andthe bonding arrangement between them

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9
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A structural polysaccharide foun in the cell wall of plants

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10
Q

What are two structural characteristics of cellulose?

A

It is a linear moleucles composed of Beta glucose subunits

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11
Q

What is starch?

A

An energy storage polysaccharide found in plants

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12
Q

What is a structural characteristic of starch?

A

Composed of alpha glucose subunits

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13
Q

What two forms are carbohydrates found in?

A

Amylose and amylopectin?

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14
Q

What is the structure of amylose? (3 pieces of info)

A

It is linear (helical) molecules
Harder to digest and less soluble
Preferred storage for plants

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15
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?(2 pieces of info)

A

Branched
Easier to digest and more soluble

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16
Q

what is glycogen?

A

energy storage polysaccharide formed in liver of animals

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17
Q

what is glycogen composed of?

A

alpha-glucose subunits linked together by

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18
Q

what are fatty acids?

A

a long hydrocarbon chain that is found in certain types of lipids

19
Q

what are fatty acids that possess no double bonds?

A

saturated fatty acid

20
Q

what kind of structure do saturated fatty acids have?

A
  • linear in structure
  • originate from animal sourses
  • typically at room temperature
21
Q

what are fatty acids with double bonds?

A

unsaturated fatty acids

22
Q

what are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

monounsaturated
polyunsaturated

23
Q

what is the structure of unsaturated fatty acids? (3)

A
  • bent
  • originate from plant sources
  • liquid at room temperature
24
Q

what 2 distinct fatty acids may unsaturated fatty acids occur in?

A

cis - hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on the same side
trans - hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on different sides

25
Q

what are the characteristics of trans fatty acids?

A
  • don’t occur in nature
  • typically produced by an industrial process called hydrogenation
  • generally linear in structure
  • usually solid at room temp
26
Q

what are trigylcerides?

A

the largest class of lipids and function primarily as long-term energy storage molecules
- animals tend to store triglycerides as fats (solid)
- plants ten to store triglycerides as oils (liquid)

27
Q

how are triglycerides formed? (3)

A

when condensation reactions occur between one glycerol and three fatty acids
- the hydroxyl groups of glycerol combine w/ the carboxyl groups of the fatty acids to form an ester linkage
- this condensation reaction results in the formation of 3 molecules of water

28
Q

what can triglycerides be?

A

either saturated or unsaturated
- dependent on the composition of the fatty acid chains

29
Q

what types of fats raise or lower blood cholesterol levels?

A
  • saturated and trans fats raise blood cholesterol levels
  • (cis) unsaturated fats lower blood cholesterol levels
30
Q

how are fats and cholesterol packaged?

A

with protein to from lipoproteins

31
Q

why are fats and cholesterol used for transport?

A

because they cannot dissolve in blood

32
Q

what are the 2 lipoproteins and what do they do?

A
  • low-density lipoproteins (LDL) carry cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body
  • high-density lipoprotein (HDL) scavenges excess cholesterol and carry it back to the liver for disposal
33
Q

what do LDL and HDLs do to blood cholesterol levels?

A
  • LDLs raise blood cholesterol levels (bad)
  • HDLs lower blood cholesterol levels (good)
34
Q

How do high intakes of certain types of fats differentially affect cholesterol levels in the cloud? (3)

A
  • saturated fats increase LDL levels within the body, raising blood cholesterol levels
  • trans fats increase LDL levels and decrease within the body significantly raising blood cholesterol levels
  • unsaturated (cis) fats increase HDL levels within the body, lowering blood cholesterol levels
35
Q

why is high cholesterol in the bloodstream bad?

A
  • lead to the hardening and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis)
36
Q

what happens when there are high levels of LDL in the bloodstream?

A
  • high levels of LDL in the bloodstream, the LDL particles will form deposits in the wall of the arteries
  • the accumulation of fat within the arterial walls lead to the development of plaques which restrict blood flow
  • the coronary arteries become blocked, coronary heart disease (CHD) will result in heart attacks and strokes
37
Q

what are 2 main health claims made about lipids in the diet?

A
  • diets rich in saturated fats and trans fats increase the risk of CHD
  • diets rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (cis) fats decrease the risk of CHD
38
Q

what are 3 evidence supporting lipid health claims?

A

positive correlation has been found between the intake of saturated fats and the incidence of CHD in human populations
- counter- certain populations do not fit this trend (eg. Maasai tribe in Africa has fat-rich diet but low CHD)
in patients who died from CHD, fatty deposits in diseased arteries were found to contain high concentrations of trans fats
- genetic factors may play a role
intervention studies shown that lowering dietary intake of saturated fats reduces factors associated w/ the development of CHD
- counter- validity of intervention studies is dependent on size and composition of cohort, as well as the duration of the study

39
Q

what is evidence against lipid health claims (2)?

A

proportion of saturated and trans fats in western diets has decreased over the last 50 yrs but incidence of CHD has risen
- counter - increased carb intake may cause detrimental health effect associated with CHD
- counter - incidence of CHD dependent on a myriad of factors besides dietary intake

40
Q

what is BMI?

A

provides a measure of relative mass based on the weight and height of the individual

41
Q

how can BMI be calculated?

A

BMI - mass in kg/ (height in m)^2

42
Q

who should BMI not be a valid indicator?

A

for pregnant women or professional athletes w/ atypical muscle/fat ratios

43
Q

what should BMI not be used for?

A

should not be used as a diagnostic tool and should be used in conjunction with other measurements

44
Q

what are nomograms?

A

an alternative way of calculating BMI by using an alignment chart

Biology SL (38 decks)

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