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Biology SL > 2.1 Moleculesles To Metabolism > Flashcards

2.1 Moleculesles To Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compound that contains carbon

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2
Q

Why is carbon the basis of organic life?

A

Due to its ability to form large and complex molecules via covalent bonding

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3
Q

How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

A

4

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4
Q

What are the four groups of organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

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5
Q

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

A

Source of energy (short tem and energy storage)

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6
Q

What is the general formula for most carbohydrates?

A

(CH^2O)n

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7
Q

What are lipids?

A

Non-polar, hydrophobic molecules

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8
Q

What / where are lipids usually found/ used in?

A

Major component of cell membranes

A signalling molecule

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9
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Genetic material of all cells and determines the inherited feature of an organism

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10
Q

What are the functions of DNA and RNA?

A

DNA - master code for protein assembly

RNA - plays an active role in the manufactor of proteins

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11
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

C,H,O,N (sometimes S)

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12
Q

What are the two functions of proteins?

A

Major regulatory molecules involved in catalysis (enzymes)

Structural molecules or plays roles a role in cellular signalling

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins compromised of?

A

Monomers that joined togeteher to form lrger polymers

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14
Q

What monomers are carbohydraytes composed of?

A

Monosacchrides (single sugar unit)

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15
Q

What are two sacchrides joined called, and many sacchrides called?

A

Disacchrides (two sacchrides)

Polysaccharides (many sacchrides)

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16
Q

What structures do most monosacchrides form?

A

Form ring structures and can exist in different 3D configurations

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17
Q

What are three examnples of monosacchrides?

A

Ribose, alpha glucose, beta glucose

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18
Q

What are three examples of lipids which contain fatty acid chains?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes

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19
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Long chains of hydrocarbons that may or may not contain double bonds (saturated / unsaturated)

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20
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

Amino acids (joined together to form polypeptide chains)

21
Q

What two things does each amino acid consist of?

A

A central carbon coneecnig to an amine grop (HN2)

An opposing carboxyl group (COOH)

22
Q

What gives amino acids different properties?

A

Variable group (R)

23
Q

What are nucleic acids composed of?

A

Monomers called nucleotides

Joined together to form polynucleotide chains

24
Q

What 3 things are nucleotides composed of?

A

Pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

25
Q

What two structures of the nucleotides cause the diffrerences between DNA and RNA?

A

Typed pof sugars

Composition of bases

26
Q

How do the structure of complex carbohydrates vary?

A

Through the composition of monomeric subunits

27
Q

How can polysaccharides differ from each other? (2)

A

According to the type of monosaccharide they possess

The way the subunits bond together

28
Q

What are three different polymers which glucose monomers can be combine to form?

A

Glycogen, cellulose and starch

29
Q

What three main classes can lipids be organised into?

A

Simple lipids
Compound lipis
Derived lipids

30
Q

What are simple lipids? (+2 examples)

A

Esters of fatty acids and alcohol

Eg. Triglycerides and waxes

31
Q

What are compound lipids? (+2 examples)

A

Ester of fatty acids, alcohol and additional groups

Eg. Phospholipids and glyolipids

32
Q

What are derived lipds? (+2 examples?)

A

Substances derived from simple or compound lipids

Eg. Steroids and carotenoids

33
Q

What os the structure of proteins?

A

Amino acids joined together by peptide bonds which form between amine and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids

34
Q

What does the fusion of two amino acids create

A

A dipeptide -> then a polypeptide with more

35
Q

What does the folding/structure of amino acids depend on after the fusion of amino acids?

A

The subsequent folding of the chain depends on the order of amino acids sequence (based on chemical properties)

36
Q

What is the structure of nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotide bond between the pentose sugar and phosphate group to long polypeptide chains

37
Q

How to nucleic acid of DNA form? (2 steps)

A

Two complimentry chains will pair up via hydrogenous base to form double strands
The double-stranded molecules may twist to from a double-helical arrangement

38
Q

What is the metabolism?

A

The totality of chemical process

39
Q

What two functions do metabolic reactions have?

A

Provide a source of energy for cellular processes

Enable the synthesis and assimilation of new materials for use within the cell

40
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

Set of metabolic reactions that build up complex molecules from simpler ones

41
Q

What kind of reaction is normally occurs for the synthesis of organic molecules?

A

condensation reactions

42
Q

What are condensation reactions?

A

When monomers are covalently joined and water is produced as a by-product

43
Q

How are monosaccharides joined/ what bond?

A

Via glycosidic linkages to form disaccharides and then polysaccharides

44
Q

How are amino acids joined/ what bond?

A

Via peptide bonds to make peptide chains

45
Q

What joins glycerol and fatty acid chains / the bond?

A

Ester linkage to create triglycerides

46
Q

What joins nucleotides/ what bond?

A

Phosphodiester bonds to form polynucleotide chains

47
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

Set of metabolic reactions thatbreak down complex molecules down into simpler ones

48
Q

How are bond usually catabolically broken?

A

Hydrolysis reactions

49
Q

What do hydrolysis reactions require?

A

Water molecules to breakdown the bonds within the polymer

Biology SL (38 decks)

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