2.1 Moleculesles To Metabolism

Question 1

What are organic compounds?

Answer 1

Compound that contains carbon

Question 2

Why is carbon the basis of organic life?

Answer 2

Due to its ability to form large and complex molecules via covalent bonding

Question 3

How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

Answer 3

4

Question 4

What are the four groups of organic compounds?

Answer 4

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

Question 5

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

Answer 5

Source of energy (short tem and energy storage)

Question 6

What is the general formula for most carbohydrates?

Answer 6

(CH^2O)n

Question 7

What are lipids?

Answer 7

Non-polar, hydrophobic molecules

Question 8

What / where are lipids usually found/ used in?

Answer 8

Major component of cell membranes

A signalling molecule

Question 9

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 9

Genetic material of all cells and determines the inherited feature of an organism

Question 10

What are the functions of DNA and RNA?

Answer 10

DNA - master code for protein assembly

RNA - plays an active role in the manufactor of proteins

Question 11

What are proteins composed of?

Answer 11

C,H,O,N (sometimes S)

Question 12

What are the two functions of proteins?

Answer 12

Major regulatory molecules involved in catalysis (enzymes)

Structural molecules or plays roles a role in cellular signalling

Question 13

What are carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins compromised of?

Answer 13

Monomers that joined togeteher to form lrger polymers

Question 14

What monomers are carbohydraytes composed of?

Answer 14

Monosacchrides (single sugar unit)

Question 15

What are two sacchrides joined called, and many sacchrides called?

Answer 15

Disacchrides (two sacchrides)

Polysaccharides (many sacchrides)

Question 16

What structures do most monosacchrides form?

Answer 16

Form ring structures and can exist in different 3D configurations

Question 17

What are three examnples of monosacchrides?

Answer 17

Ribose, alpha glucose, beta glucose

Question 18

What are three examples of lipids which contain fatty acid chains?

Answer 18

Triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes

Question 19

What are fatty acids?

Answer 19

Long chains of hydrocarbons that may or may not contain double bonds (saturated / unsaturated)

Question 20

What are proteins composed of?

Answer 20

Amino acids (joined together to form polypeptide chains)

Question 21

What two things does each amino acid consist of?

Answer 21

A central carbon coneecnig to an amine grop (HN2)

An opposing carboxyl group (COOH)

Question 22

What gives amino acids different properties?

Answer 22

Variable group (R)

Question 23

What are nucleic acids composed of?

Answer 23

Monomers called nucleotides

Joined together to form polynucleotide chains

Question 24

What 3 things are nucleotides composed of?

Answer 24

Pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Question 25

What two structures of the nucleotides cause the diffrerences between DNA and RNA?

Answer 25

Typed pof sugars | Composition of bases

Question 26

How do the structure of complex carbohydrates vary?

Answer 26

Through the composition of monomeric subunits

Question 27

How can polysaccharides differ from each other? (2)

Answer 27

According to the type of monosaccharide they possess | The way the subunits bond together

Question 28

What are three different polymers which glucose monomers can be combine to form?

Answer 28

Glycogen, cellulose and starch

Question 29

What three main classes can lipids be organised into?

Answer 29

Simple lipids Compound lipis Derived lipids

Question 30

What are simple lipids? (+2 examples)

Answer 30

Esters of fatty acids and alcohol | Eg. Triglycerides and waxes

Question 31

What are compound lipids? (+2 examples)

Answer 31

Ester of fatty acids, alcohol and additional groups | Eg. Phospholipids and glyolipids

Question 32

What are derived lipds? (+2 examples?)

Answer 32

Substances derived from simple or compound lipids | Eg. Steroids and carotenoids

Question 33

What os the structure of proteins?

Answer 33

Amino acids joined together by peptide bonds which form between amine and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids

Question 34

What does the fusion of two amino acids create

Answer 34

A dipeptide -> then a polypeptide with more

Question 35

What does the folding/structure of amino acids depend on after the fusion of amino acids?

Answer 35

The subsequent folding of the chain depends on the order of amino acids sequence (based on chemical properties)

Question 36

What is the structure of nucleic acid?

Answer 36

Nucleotide bond between the pentose sugar and phosphate group to long polypeptide chains

Question 37

How to nucleic acid of DNA form? (2 steps)

Answer 37

Two complimentry chains will pair up via hydrogenous base to form double strands The double-stranded molecules may twist to from a double-helical arrangement

Question 38

What is the metabolism?

Answer 38

The totality of chemical process

Question 39

What two functions do metabolic reactions have?

Answer 39

Provide a source of energy for cellular processes | Enable the synthesis and assimilation of new materials for use within the cell

Question 40

What are anabolic reactions?

Answer 40

Set of metabolic reactions that build up complex molecules from simpler ones

Question 41

What kind of reaction is normally occurs for the synthesis of organic molecules?

Answer 41

condensation reactions

Question 42

What are condensation reactions?

Answer 42

When monomers are covalently joined and water is produced as a by-product

Question 43

How are monosaccharides joined/ what bond?

Answer 43

Via glycosidic linkages to form disaccharides and then polysaccharides

Question 44

How are amino acids joined/ what bond?

Answer 44

Via peptide bonds to make peptide chains

Question 45

What joins glycerol and fatty acid chains / the bond?

Answer 45

Ester linkage to create triglycerides

Question 46

What joins nucleotides/ what bond?

Answer 46

Phosphodiester bonds to form polynucleotide chains

Question 47

What are catabolic reactions?

Answer 47

Set of metabolic reactions thatbreak down complex molecules down into simpler ones

Question 48

How are bond usually catabolically broken?

Answer 48

Hydrolysis reactions

Question 49

What do hydrolysis reactions require?

Answer 49

Water molecules to breakdown the bonds within the polymer