5.2 Flashcards
what is asexual reproduction
reproduction that requires only one parent and produces offspring that are genetic copies of the parent.
what are the types of asexual reproduction
binary fission, budding, fragmentation, vegetative repro, spore formation
Binary fission
the splitting of a single parent cell into two equal parts that have the same copies of genetic matriel
example of binary fission =
- some kinds of Bactria 2. amoeba
budding
a group of rapidly dividing cells developed on an organism that breaks away to become a new organism
fragmentation
a small piece of an organism breaks away from it and develops into a new individual
spore formation
parent organisms produce spores: single cells that can develop into new individuals by repeated mitosis
vegetative reproduction
special cells, usually in the stems and roots of plants, divide repeatedly to form structures that develop into a plant tray that is identical to the parent.
example of budding =
- some simple multicellular organisms such as hydras and sponges 2. one-celled yeasts
example of fragmentation =
- some plants, such as mosses and liverworts 2. some animals, such as some sea stars and corals
example of spore formation =
- common in fungi 2. some plants and algae
example of vegetative reproduction =
- very common in most kinds of plants
advantages of asexual reproduction
- large colonies can out-complete other organisms for nutrients and water
- large numbers of off spring reproduce very quickly
- species can survive if the number of predators increases
disadvantages of asexual reproduction
- offspring compete for food and space
- extreme tempetures can wipe out entire colonies
- negative mutations can destroy many offspring
what can human assisted plant and animal cloning be used to… and what is this called
called= human assisted cloning. - save the genetic information form endangered animal species or may produce an organism with a desired trait
give an example human assisted cloning
researchers are working to clone pine trees that are naturally resistant to the mountain one Beatle
three key terms for the cloning process
therapeutic cloning, stem cells, embryonic cells
therapeutic cloning
is used to correct health problems. both human embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells can be used for this purpose
stem cells, ***
are cells that have the potential to become many different types of cells
embryonic (stem) cells ***
are more desirable for therapeutic cloning because they can become anyone of our 200 types of body cells
how does therapeutic cloning work?
- A scientist extracts the nucleus from an egg
-The nucleus holds the genetic material for a human or laboratory animal
-The scientist then takes a somatic cell, which is any body cell other than an egg or sperm, and also extract the nucleus from this cell - The nucleus that is extracted from the somatic cell in the patient is then inserted into the egg, which had its nucleus previously removed
In a very basic sense, it’s a procedure of substitution. The egg now contains the patient’s genetic material, or instructions
animal cloning be used to.
called- Cloned animals could also be developed that would produce human antibodies against infectious diseases and even cancers
