4.1 Flashcards
cell membrane
-in both- The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of living cells. separates the inside of the cell from its external environment. controls the flow of materials in and out of the cell. EXSTERNAL
cell wall
-In plant- tough rigid structure that is surrounds the cell membrane. provides support and prevents the cell from bursting when a plant is in a very moist environment
cytoplasm
-in both- jelly like substance that contain the organelles and life supporting materials such as water and sugar
organelle
- in both -specialized cell part that carries specific functions to ensure a cell survival
mitochondria
-in both-organelles that change glucose into usable energy for use in the cell
chloroplast
-in plant- specialized organelles that trap energy from the sun and makes glucose.
ribosomes
-in both- small organelles that do not have a membrane. some float in the cytoplasm others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. (produces protein)
proteins
-in both- are essential materials required for the cell to carry out the activities nessasarey for its survival. carry out cell functions , controls all the cell functions
essential materials required for the cell to carry out the activities necessary for its survival
ER- Endoplasmic Reticulum
-in both- network of membrane covered channels within cells that transports materials
vesicles
-in both- are membrane covered sacks that form off the ends of the ER. vesicles transport new proteins to the Golgi body for further processing and export out of the cell.
Golgi body
-in both- an organelle that sorts and packages proteins for transport
vacuoles
-mostly in plant, some animals have it- membrane covered storage containers within cells. plant cells often contain small vacuoles to store starch and a large vacuole to storage water.
nucleus-nuclei
-in both- organelle that controls all the activities within the cell
nuclear membrane
-in both-the nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane witch is similar structure to the cell membrane. the nuclear membrane protects the contents of the nucleus.
the thin outer membrane that surrounds the cell nucleus that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
nucleolus
-in both-membrane free organelle that floats in the interior of the nucleus. the function of the nucleolus is to make ribosomes.
nuclear pores
-in both-openings in the nuclear membrane that allow only certain materials into and out of the nucleus
eukaryotic cells/prokaryokes
animal cells and bacteria cells
DNA
a biological molecule found in the cell nucleus that carries genetic information composed of sugar, phosphate, and four different bases (guanine,cytocine,adenine, and thymine) passed on from generation to generation during reproduction.
what does DNA look like
the to strands or sides of the dNA ladder wrap around each other in a spiral shape that scientists call a double helix
The 4 nitrogen bases
the steps of the ladder are made OF 4 nitrogen bases which are represented by letters. A - adenine G-guanine C-cytocine T-thymine. C-G A-T
DNA is stored in chromatin
most of the time, DNA exists in the nucleus in the form of chromatin
Chromatin
substance within the nucleus that contains DNA and proteins
DNA,chromatin,and chromosome REALATONSHIP
DNA is contained in chromatin which coils up and folds up to make chromosomes and at the end of the x looking chromosomes are the genes. then the chromosomes go into the nucleus of the cell
Genes
segment of DNA located at a specific place on a chromosome each contain information to produce proteins.
gene mutation
a change in the specific order of the A,G,C,T bases that make up a particular gene
gene therapy
techniques developed to alter mutated genes in order to make the function normally
the steps in which protein is created
The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. … Through the processes of transcription and translation, information from genes is used to make proteins.
where are proteins made?**
proteins are made in the cell by ribosomes. ribosomes are made by large structure in the nucleus called the nucleolus - produced in ribosomes
how many chromosomes to humans have
46 arranged in 23 pairs
what instructions to genes carry
to make proteins
how many proteins are in the human body
100 000
proteins are made by
Messanger RNA
functions of DNA
stores genetic martial, stores instructions on how to form cells for chemicals and structures that cells must make.
chromosomes
a threadlike structure in the cell nucleus that carries genes
