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(BMED) TOB 1-5 > 5.1 - Intro to Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

5.1 - Intro to Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are chondroblasts?

A

Cells that secrete cartilage matrix

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2
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cells that secreted cartilage matrix and became embedded in it

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3
Q

What type of cell produces cartilage matrix?

A

Chondroblasts

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4
Q

What type of cell is a component of cartilage matrix?

A

Chondrocytes

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5
Q

From which embryonic tissue does cartilage originate?

A

Mesenchyme

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6
Q

From which embryonic tissue do chondroblasts originate?

A

Mesenchyme

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7
Q

What are the 2 main components of cartilage?

A
  1. Cells (chondroblasts and chondrocytes)

2. ECM (collagen and proteoglycan complexes)

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of cells found in cartilage?

A
  1. Chondroblasts

2. Chondrocytes

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9
Q

What are the 2 components of cartilage’s ECM?

A
  1. Collagen

2. Proteoglycan complexes

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10
Q

Large proteoglycan molecules have numerous side chains of ___.

A

GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)

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11
Q

GAGs have strong negatively charged surfaces. What is the impact on this re: their water binding properties?

A

Strongly hydrophilic

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12
Q

Why is water attracted to highly charged molecules?

A

It is polarized

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13
Q

Why is cartilage well-hydrated?

A

ECM contains many GAGs, which are negatively charged and attract water molecules

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14
Q

Wet cartilage swells to form a hydrated gel. What restricts the swelling of this gel?

A

Tension in the collagen network

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15
Q

What is the name for the layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding certain types of cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

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16
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding certain types of cartilage

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17
Q

Compare the two layers of perichondrium.

A

Outer: fibrous, contains fibroblasts, produces collagen
Inner: chondrogenic, undifferentiated, produces chondroblasts or chondrocytes

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18
Q

What is the fetal precursor to bone?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

Most hyaline cartilage in the embryo is replaced by bone. What is the fate of remaining hyaline cartilage?

A

Forms growth plates and articular cartilage

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20
Q

What tissue is found in nearly all joints, between bones, and in structures that must be deformable, but strong?

A

Cartilage

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21
Q

What is chondrification?

A

When mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts to form cartilage

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22
Q

What is a primary ossification centre?

A

First area of a bone to start ossifying

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23
Q

What is a secondary ossification centre?

A

An area of ossification that appears after a primary officiation centre

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24
Q

Compare primary and secondary ossification centres.

A

Primary: first site of ossification, prenatal development, located on diaphyses
Secondary: appears after primary site, postnasal and adolescent years, located on epiphyses

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25
Q

When do primary ossification centres tend to appear?

A

Prenatal development

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26
Q

When do secondary ossification centres tend to appear?

A

Postnatal and adolescent years

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27
Q

On which part of the bone do primary ossification centres usually appear?

A

Diaphyses

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28
Q

On which part of the bone do secondary ossification centres usually appear?

A

Epiphyses

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29
Q

In children, primary ossification centres appear in the diaphyses and secondary ossification centres spear in the epiphyses. Which structure separates them?

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

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30
Q

Bone elongation halts once the growth plates close. How are bones still able to thicken?

A

Mesenchymal reservoir in the periosteum capable of differentiating into osteoblasts (i.e., intramembranous ossification)

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31
Q

What cells extend the epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Stacks of proliferating chondrocytes

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32
Q

What are the 4 zones of bone elongation at epiphyseal growth plates?

A
  1. Proliferation zone (cartilage cells proliferate, lengthening the bone)
  2. Hypertrophic zone (older cartilage cells hypertrophy, compressing the matrix)
  3. Calcification zone (matrix calcifies)
  4. Ossification zone (osteoblasts lay down osteoid)
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33
Q

Which bones of the developing body are first to ossify?

A

Clavicles

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34
Q

What is the most commonly broken bone in the body?

A

Clavicle

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35
Q

Compare the epiphysis, metaphysis, and diaphysis.

A

Epiphysis: rounded end of a long bone
Metaphysis: narrow portion of the long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis
Diaphysis: shaft of a long bone

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36
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
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37
Q

What type of collagen forms hyaline cartilage?

A

Type II

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38
Q

What type of collagen forms elastic cartilage?

A

Type II

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39
Q

What type of collagen forms fibrocartilage?

A

Type I

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40
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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41
Q

Is cartilage a living tissue?

A

Yes

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42
Q

Is cartilage innervated?

A

No

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43
Q

Is cartilage vascularized?

A

No

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44
Q

Cartilage is living, but avascular. How does it receive its nutrients?

A

Hyaline/Elastic: diffusion from perichondrium

Fibrocartilage: diffusion from surrounding tissues

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45
Q

What type of connective tissue makes up the perichondrium?

A

Dense irregular

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46
Q

Hyaline cartilage receives its nutrients via diffusion from the ___.

A

Perichondrium

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47
Q

Perichondrium is usually found at the margins of hyaline cartilage. Which surface is an exception?

A

Articular surfaces

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48
Q

Why wouldn’t you find perichondrium lining hyaline cartilage at articular surfaces?

A

The perichondrium highly vascularized and innervated; the compression and movement in the area would aggravate it

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49
Q

List 2 places where you would find perichondrium.

A
  1. Elastic cartilage

2. Hyaline cartilage (except on joint surfaces)

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50
Q

What type of cartilage calcifies with old age?

A

Hyaline

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51
Q

What is the result of articular cartilage degeneration?

A

Osteoarthritis

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52
Q

What is the result of articular cartilage destruction by granulating synovial membrane tissue?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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53
Q

What causes a slipped disc?

A

Rupture of intervertebral disc capsule

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54
Q

What type of cartilage is found in menisci?

A

Fibrocartilage

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55
Q

How does weight-bearing exercise protect against osteoporosis?

A

Encourages remodelling

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56
Q

Compare the histological appearance of hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.

A

Hyaline: smooth ECM
Elastic: prominent elastic fibres in ECM
Fibrocartilage: prominent collagen fibres in ECM

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57
Q

Compare the location of chondroblasts and chondrocytes.

A

Chondroblasts: close to perichondrium
Chondrocytes: throughout ECM

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58
Q

Compare the histological appearance of chondroblasts and chondrocytes.

A

Chondroblasts: flattened, irregular, close to perichondrium
Chondrocytes: ovular, in lacunae, throughout ECM

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59
Q

Which cartilage cell is flat and irregular?

A

Chondroblasts

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60
Q

Which cartilage cell is ovular and enclosed by lacunae?

A

Chondrocytes

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61
Q

List 4 places where you would find elastic cartilage. (Hint: all begin with “e.”)

A
  1. Eustachian tube
  2. Ear canal
  3. External ear
  4. Epiglottis
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62
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the Eustachian tube?

A

Elastic

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63
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the ear canal?

A

Elastic

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64
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the external ear?

A

Elastic

65
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the epiglottis?

A

Elastic

66
Q

What is the name for the flap that diverts passage to the trachea or the esophagus?

A

Epiglottis

67
Q

List 4 places where you would find hyaline cartilage.

A
  1. Articular surfaces
  2. Rib margins
  3. Respiratory passageways
  4. Tip of the nose
68
Q

What type of cartilage would you find on articular surfaces?

A

Hyaline

69
Q

What type of cartilage would you find at rib margins?

A

Hyaline

70
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the respiratory passageways?

A

Hyaline

71
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the larynx?

A

Hyaline

72
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the trachea?

A

Hyaline

73
Q

What type of cartilage would you find at the tip of the nose?

A

Hyaline

74
Q

List 6 places where you would find fibrocartilage.

A
  1. Pubic symphysis
  2. Menisci
  3. Articular discs
  4. Intervertebral discs
  5. Shoulder labra
  6. Hip labra
75
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the pubic symphysis?

A

Fibrocartilage

76
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the menisci?

A

Fibrocartilage

77
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the articular discs?

A

Fibrocartilage

78
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the intervertebral discs?

A

Fibrocartilage

79
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the shoulder labra?

A

Fibrocartilage

80
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the hip labra?

A

Fibrocartilage

81
Q

What is the main function of hyaline cartilage?

A

Firm, flexible support

82
Q

What is the main function of elastic cartilage?

A

Tolerate distortion without damage

83
Q

What is the main function of fibrocartilage?

A

Strong, rigid support

84
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Osteoblasts from circulating osteoprogenitors invade hyaline cartilage to lay down osteoid

85
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells and where do they originate?

A

Cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts or chondrocytes
Originate from mesenchymal stem cells

86
Q

What is osteoid?

A

The organic, un-mineralised portion of the bone matrix

87
Q

What type of cells secrete osteoid?

A

Osteoblasts

88
Q

What is the main component of osteoid?

A

Type I collagen

89
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

When osteoblasts differentiate from local mesenchymal cells to deposit osteoid

90
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification take place?

A

Mesenchymal tissue

91
Q

Compare endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification.

A

Endochondral: osteoblasts from circulating osteoprogenitors invade hyaline cartilage to lay down osteoid

Intramembranous ossification: osteoblasts differentiate from local mesenchymal cells to deposit osteoid

92
Q

By which method do most bones of the body develop?

A

Endochondral ossification

93
Q

How do most flat bones develop?

A

Intramembranous ossification

94
Q

Histologically, can you distinguish between bones arising from intramembranous ossification and bones arising from endochondral ossification?

A

No

95
Q

What are the 2 ways cartilage can grow?

A
  1. Appositional growth

2. Interstitial growth

96
Q

Describe appositional growth.

A

Fibroblasts in the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts and secrete new ECM

97
Q

Describe interstitial growth.

A

Chondrocytes in isogenous groups (i.e., nests) separate as they produce more ECM

98
Q

What are isogenous groups?

A

Nests of chondrocytes

99
Q

What is a lacuna?

A

A hollow containing a chondrocyte in cartilage or an osteocyte in bone

100
Q

What type of cartilage forms epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Hyaline

101
Q

What is an epiphyseal growth plate and what is it made of?

A

Site of growth near the ends of long bones

Made of hyaline cartilage

102
Q

How does bone grow at epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Chondrocytes undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy followed by cell death and ossification

103
Q

What happens after epiphyseal growth plates ossify?

A

Capacity for elongation is lost

104
Q

Why are epiphyseal growth plates no longer visible in a fully grown adult?

A

Area has ossified

105
Q

What are the 3 steps of fetal hyaline cartilage ossification?

A
  1. Cartilage model (general shape laid down by chondrocytes; surrounded by perichondrium)
  2. Bone collar (cartilage is calcified; perichondrium becomes periosteum)
  3. Primary ossification centre (blood vessels and osteoblasts invade calcified matrix; osteoid laid down)
106
Q

How might fractures increase risk of osteoarthritis?

A

Wear down articular cartilage, which is slow to regenerate

107
Q

What is the most common cause of total knee and hip replacements?

A

Osteoarthritis

108
Q

Compare the effects of aging on hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage.

A

Hyaline: calcifies with age
Elastic: does NOT calcify with age

109
Q

What are the 2 components of fibrocartilage?

A
  1. Dense regular connective tissue

2. Hyaline cartilage

110
Q

What type of cartilage lacks a perichondrium?

A

Fibrocartilage

111
Q

Fibrocartilage has no perichondrium. From where does it receive its nutrition?

A

Surrounding tissues

112
Q

What are the 2 primary function of menisci in the knee?

A
  1. Provide CUSHIONING between tibia and femur

2. Prevent DEGENERATION of articular cartilage underneath

113
Q

Compare the most common causes of meniscal lesions in young people and middle-aged/elderly people.

A

Young: sports-related injuries

Middle-aged/elderly: degeneration from overuse

114
Q

What are the 5 main functions of bone?

A
  1. Provide support
  2. Protect organs
  3. Enable movement
  4. Store minerals
  5. Produce RBC and WBC
115
Q

Compare the axial and appendicular skeleton.

A

Axial: bones of the head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular: bones of the limbs, shoulder, and pelvis

116
Q

What are 3 areas that make up the axial skeleton?

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Trunk
117
Q

What are 3 areas that make up the appendicular skeleton?

A
  1. Limbs
  2. Shoulder
  3. Pelvis
118
Q

What are the 6 bone shapes?

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
  5. Sesamoid (round bones that reinforce tendons)
  6. Pneumatic (contain air spaces)
119
Q

What type of bone reinforces tendons?

A

Sesamoid

120
Q

What type of bone contains air spaces?

A

Pneumatic

121
Q

Bone is composed of both organic and inorganic matter. The ___ minerals give it its rigidity.

A

Organic

122
Q

Bone is composed of both organic and inorganic matter. The ___ collagen gives it its flexibility/resistance to tension.

A

Inorganic

123
Q

What gives bone its rigidity?

A

Minerals (i.e., calcium hydroxyapatite crystals)

124
Q

What gives bones its flexibility/resistance to tension?

A

Collagen

125
Q

What are the 2 types of bones?

A
  1. Spongy bone

2. Compact bone

126
Q

What is a synonym for compact bone?

A

Cortical bone

127
Q

Spongy bones consists of fine, bony columns. What fills the spaces?

A

Bone marrow

128
Q

Describe the structure of spongy bone.

A

Fine, bony columns with bone marrow filling the spaces

129
Q

What type of bone is abundant in the epiphysis?

A

Spongy bone

130
Q

Where would you find compact bone?

A

External surfaces of bones

131
Q

What percentage of skeletal mass is formed by cortical bone?

A

80%

132
Q

Compare the placement of Haversian canals and Volkmann’s canals.

A

Haversian: at the centre of osteons
Volkmann: connecting adjacent osteons to the periosteum; PERPENDICULAR to Haversian canals

133
Q

What are Haversian canals?

A

Channels of nerves, vessels, and lymphatics at the centre of osteons

134
Q

What are Volkmann’s canals?

A

Channels of nerves, vessels, and lymphatics connecting the periosteum to osteons

135
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Basic unit of cortical bone; consists of lamellae surrounding a Haversian canal

136
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue covering bones, except at articular surfaces

137
Q

What is a lamella?

A

A concentric layer of bone tissue

138
Q

What do lacunae contain in bone?

A

Osteocytes

139
Q

What do lacuna contain in cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

140
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Tiny canals connecting adjacent lacunae

141
Q

How do osteocytes communicate with each other?

A

Via canaliculi

142
Q

Does spongy bone contain either Haversian or Volkmann’s canals?

A

No

143
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Honeycomb-like bone tissues found in spongy bone

144
Q

Compare the internal structure of osteons and trabeculae.

A

Osteons: DO contain Haversian and Volkmann’s canals, round lamellae
Trabeculae: DO NOT contain Haversian or Volkmann’s canals, irregularly-shaped lamellae

145
Q

What are the 2 types of cells found in bone marrow?

A
  1. Adipose (yellow marrow)

2. Hemopoietic (red marrow)

146
Q

What is a spicule?

A

Projection of new forming bone

147
Q

Compare the location of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes in an osteon

A

Osteoblasts: near edges
Osteoclasts: near edges
Osteocytes: all over

148
Q

Compare the functions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes.

A

Osteoblasts: build bone
Osteoclasts: break down bone
Osteocytes: maintain bone

149
Q

What is a cutting cone?

A

A bone remodelling unit; osteoclasts break down bone and trailing osteoblasts lay down new bone

150
Q

What are the 3 zones of a cutting cone?

A
  1. Cutting zone
  2. Reversal zone
  3. Closing zone
151
Q

Compare the activities occurring in the 3 regions of a cutting cone.

A

Cutting zone: osteoclasts break down bone
Reversal zone: mix of osteoclast and osteoblast avidity
Closing cone: osteoblasts lay down new bone

152
Q

How would you increase the number of cutting cones you have?

A

Mechanical loading

153
Q

What happens to bone density in outer space?

A

Decreases due to reduction in gravitational forces

154
Q

How does sport cause bone hypertrophy?

A

Increased remodelling

155
Q

List 3 factors that decrease rate of bone remodelling.

A
  1. Low gravity
  2. Age
  3. Inactivity
156
Q

Normally, lamellae are able to slip relative to each other to help disperse forces. What happens when this fails?

A

Fracture

157
Q

Why would a bone fracture cause pain?

A

Damage to nerves

158
Q

What are the 4 steps of fracture repair?

A
  1. Hematoma formation (blood clot)
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callous formation (fibres and cartilage)
  3. Bony callus formation (spongy bone)
  4. Remodelling (compact bone)

(BMED) TOB 1-5 (8 decks)

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