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(BMED) TOB 1-5 > 3.1 - Internal Surfaces of the Body > Flashcards

3.1 - Internal Surfaces of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

What would you call the functional tissue of an organ (as opposed to the supportive or connective tissue)?

A

Parenchyma

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2
Q

What would you call the supportive or connective tissue of an organ (as opposed to the functional tissue)?

A

Stroma

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3
Q

What type of tissue forms the parenchyma of glands?

A

Epithelium

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4
Q

What type of tissue forms stroma (supportive tissue)?

A

Connective

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5
Q

What type of tissue allows movement?

A

Muscle

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6
Q

What type of tissue facilitates information processing and communication?

A

Nerve

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7
Q

List 4 tracts lined by mucous membranes.

A
  1. GI tract
  2. Respiratory tract
  3. Urinary tract
  4. Reproductive tract
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8
Q

Where would you find muscularis mucosa?

A

GI tract

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9
Q

What is the adventitia?

A

A layer of connective tissue that anchors organs to surrounding structures

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10
Q

How do serous membranes develop?

A

During embryonic development, the heart, lungs, and gut develop next to a bag-like cavity into which they invaginate (visualize: a fist in a balloon)

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11
Q

What are the two layers of serous membranes?

A
  1. Visceral

2. Parietal

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12
Q

List 3 structures enveloped by serous membranes.

A
  1. Peritoneum
  2. Pleural sac
  3. Pericardial sac
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13
Q

How do serosa ease the movement of the structures they surround?

A

Secrete lubricating fluid that reduces friction

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14
Q

Which peritoneal organ is enveloped by serosa on the superior surface and adventitia on the inferior surface?

A

Bladder

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15
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut wall? (Hint: needs to move.)

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Sub-mucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. SEROSA
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16
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue found in the ileum

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17
Q

What is the function of Peyer’s patches?

A

Immune surveillance

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18
Q

Which layer of the GI wall moves food via peristalsis?

A

Muscularis externa

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19
Q

Which branch of the nervous system control peristaltic movement?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

You are looking at a histological image of esophageal mucosa. Which layer contains many cells of the immune system?

A

Lamina propria

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21
Q

What are the 4 layers of the esophagus?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Sub-mucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. ADVENTITIA
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22
Q

Why is the esophagus surrounded by adventitia rather than serosa?

A

To anchor it in place

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23
Q

Why is the skeletal muscle in the upper regions of the esophagus progressively replaced with smooth muscle?

A

Swallowing begins with voluntary muscle action, but transitions to involuntary action as it moves further down

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24
Q

What type of epithelium lines most of the gut?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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25
Define gastric.
Relating to the stomach
26
What are rugae?
Folds of gastric muscosa
27
Where would you find rugae?
Stomach (more specifically, gastric mucosa)
28
Which structure of the stomach allows it to expand?
Rugae
29
Where would you find Brunner’s glands?
Duodenum
30
What is the function of Brunner’s glands?
Secrete alkaline mucin to counteract acidic chime, protecting the mucus membranes
31
What are gastric pits?
Indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to gastric glands
32
List 2 digestive enzymes.
1. Pepsinogen | 2. Gastric lipase
33
What is the function of the hormone gastrin?
Digestion
34
List 4 substances secreted by gastric glands.
1. Mucus 2. HCl 3. Digestive enzymes (e.g., pepsinogen and gastric lipase) 4. Digestive hormones (e.g., gastrin)
35
How frequently do stomach glands turnover?
4-7 days
36
What are the 4 regions of the stomach?
1. Cardia 2. Fundus 3. Body 4. Pylorus
37
Which 2 regions of the stomach contain gastric glands?
1. Fundus | 2. Body
38
What is the main function of the pylorus and cardia?
Mucus production
39
Which glands of the duodenum create optimum pH for digestion?
Brunner’s glands
40
In which part of the small intestine are plicae circulares most abundant?
Jejunum
41
What is another name for glands found in the intestine?
Crypts of Lieberkühn
42
Why does the colon have fewer plicae circulares and no villi?
Main function is waste production, not nutrient absorption
43
Why are goblet cells in the colon highly productive?
Must produce mucus to aid in the passage of stools
44
What do the epithelial cells of the colon absorb?
1. Water | 2. Remaining electrolytes
45
What are teniae coli?
Three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle on the colon
46
In the colon, the muscularis externa changes, and the longitudinal muscle forms three bands known as ___.
Teniae coli
47
Why does epithelia transition from columnar to stratified squamous non-keratinized at the recto-anal junction?
Function shifts from absorptive to protective
48
The CONDUCTING portion of the respiratory tract extends from the ___ to the ___.
Nasal cavity | Bronchioles
49
The RESPIRATORY portion of the respiratory tract extends from the ___ to the ___.
Respiratory bronchioles | Alveoli
50
Where would you find olfactory chemoreceptors? (Hint: site of smell.)
Olfactory epithelium
51
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
52
Where are Bowman’s glands found?
Olfactory mucosa
53
Classify the structure of Bowman’s glands
Branched tubuloalveolar
54
What is the function of Bowman’s glands?
Produce fluid to dissolve odiferous substances
55
What is another term for olfactory glands?
Bowman’s glands
56
Why does air get warmer as it passes the nasal cavity?
Area is highly vascularized
57
What type of epithelium lines the trachea?
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
58
What holds the trachea open?
Rings of C-shaped cartilage
59
Which muscle bridges the gap between the ends of C-shaped cartilage in the trachea?
Trachealis muscle
60
What happens to the C-shaped cartilage ring in trachea with aging?
Becomes partially ossified
61
With aging, the C-shaped cartilage ring in trachea becomes partially ossified. What impact does this have?
Harder to swallow or cough due to rigidity
62
What type of epithelium would you find at the head of the bronchus?
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
63
What are pneumocytes?
Epithelial cells of the alveoli
64
What is the role of surfactants?
Lower surface tension
65
List 3 types of cells found in the alveolar lining.
1. Type I pneumocytes 2. Type II pneumocytes 3. Macrophages
66
Compare the structure of type I pneumocytes and type II pneumocytes.
Type I: simple squamous | Type II: cuboidal
67
Compare the alveolar area covered by type I pneumocytes and type II pneumocytes.
Type I: 90% | Type II: 10%
68
Compare the function of type I pneumocytes and type II pneumocytes.
Type I: gas exchange | Type II: produce surfactant
69
What is the role of macrophages in the alveoli?
Phagocytose foreign particles
70
How long do erythrocytes spend in the alveolar capillaries?
< 1 second
71
Which cup-like sack performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine?
Bowman’s capsule
72
Why can a needle only be inserted in a full bladder?
Empty bladder is covered by pubic symphysis
73
Place the following structures in the correct order (re: path of urine). 1. Collecting ducts 2. Calyces 3. Ureter 4. DCT 5. Renal papillae
DCT -> Collecting ducts -> Renal papillae -> Calyces -> Ureter
74
What type of epithelium lines the distal convoluted tubules?
Simple cuboidal
75
What type of epithelium lines the calyces and ureter?
Transitional
76
Compare the functions of the male urethra and female urethra.
Male: urinary, reproductive Female: urinary
77
The distal urethra contains which rare type of epithelium?
Stratified columnar
78
What type of tissue would you find in the sub-mucosa?
Connective
79
List 2 structures where you would find c-shaped cartilage.
1. Trachea | 2. Bronchi

(BMED) TOB 1-5 (8 decks)

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