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(BMED) TOB 1-5 > 3.1 - Internal Surfaces of the Body > Flashcards

3.1 - Internal Surfaces of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

What would you call the functional tissue of an organ (as opposed to the supportive or connective tissue)?

A

Parenchyma

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2
Q

What would you call the supportive or connective tissue of an organ (as opposed to the functional tissue)?

A

Stroma

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3
Q

What type of tissue forms the parenchyma of glands?

A

Epithelium

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4
Q

What type of tissue forms stroma (supportive tissue)?

A

Connective

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5
Q

What type of tissue allows movement?

A

Muscle

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6
Q

What type of tissue facilitates information processing and communication?

A

Nerve

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7
Q

List 4 tracts lined by mucous membranes.

A
  1. GI tract
  2. Respiratory tract
  3. Urinary tract
  4. Reproductive tract
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8
Q

Where would you find muscularis mucosa?

A

GI tract

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9
Q

What is the adventitia?

A

A layer of connective tissue that anchors organs to surrounding structures

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10
Q

How do serous membranes develop?

A

During embryonic development, the heart, lungs, and gut develop next to a bag-like cavity into which they invaginate (visualize: a fist in a balloon)

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11
Q

What are the two layers of serous membranes?

A
  1. Visceral

2. Parietal

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12
Q

List 3 structures enveloped by serous membranes.

A
  1. Peritoneum
  2. Pleural sac
  3. Pericardial sac
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13
Q

How do serosa ease the movement of the structures they surround?

A

Secrete lubricating fluid that reduces friction

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14
Q

Which peritoneal organ is enveloped by serosa on the superior surface and adventitia on the inferior surface?

A

Bladder

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15
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut wall? (Hint: needs to move.)

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Sub-mucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. SEROSA
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16
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue found in the ileum

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17
Q

What is the function of Peyer’s patches?

A

Immune surveillance

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18
Q

Which layer of the GI wall moves food via peristalsis?

A

Muscularis externa

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19
Q

Which branch of the nervous system control peristaltic movement?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

You are looking at a histological image of esophageal mucosa. Which layer contains many cells of the immune system?

A

Lamina propria

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21
Q

What are the 4 layers of the esophagus?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Sub-mucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. ADVENTITIA
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22
Q

Why is the esophagus surrounded by adventitia rather than serosa?

A

To anchor it in place

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23
Q

Why is the skeletal muscle in the upper regions of the esophagus progressively replaced with smooth muscle?

A

Swallowing begins with voluntary muscle action, but transitions to involuntary action as it moves further down

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24
Q

What type of epithelium lines most of the gut?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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25
Q

Define gastric.

A

Relating to the stomach

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26
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds of gastric muscosa

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27
Q

Where would you find rugae?

A

Stomach (more specifically, gastric mucosa)

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28
Q

Which structure of the stomach allows it to expand?

A

Rugae

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29
Q

Where would you find Brunner’s glands?

A

Duodenum

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30
Q

What is the function of Brunner’s glands?

A

Secrete alkaline mucin to counteract acidic chime, protecting the mucus membranes

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31
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to gastric glands

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32
Q

List 2 digestive enzymes.

A
  1. Pepsinogen

2. Gastric lipase

33
Q

What is the function of the hormone gastrin?

A

Digestion

34
Q

List 4 substances secreted by gastric glands.

A
  1. Mucus
  2. HCl
  3. Digestive enzymes (e.g., pepsinogen and gastric lipase)
  4. Digestive hormones (e.g., gastrin)
35
Q

How frequently do stomach glands turnover?

A

4-7 days

36
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pylorus
37
Q

Which 2 regions of the stomach contain gastric glands?

A
  1. Fundus

2. Body

38
Q

What is the main function of the pylorus and cardia?

A

Mucus production

39
Q

Which glands of the duodenum create optimum pH for digestion?

A

Brunner’s glands

40
Q

In which part of the small intestine are plicae circulares most abundant?

A

Jejunum

41
Q

What is another name for glands found in the intestine?

A

Crypts of Lieberkühn

42
Q

Why does the colon have fewer plicae circulares and no villi?

A

Main function is waste production, not nutrient absorption

43
Q

Why are goblet cells in the colon highly productive?

A

Must produce mucus to aid in the passage of stools

44
Q

What do the epithelial cells of the colon absorb?

A
  1. Water

2. Remaining electrolytes

45
Q

What are teniae coli?

A

Three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle on the colon

46
Q

In the colon, the muscularis externa changes, and the longitudinal muscle forms three bands known as ___.

A

Teniae coli

47
Q

Why does epithelia transition from columnar to stratified squamous non-keratinized at the recto-anal junction?

A

Function shifts from absorptive to protective

48
Q

The CONDUCTING portion of the respiratory tract extends from the ___ to the ___.

A

Nasal cavity

Bronchioles

49
Q

The RESPIRATORY portion of the respiratory tract extends from the ___ to the ___.

A

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveoli

50
Q

Where would you find olfactory chemoreceptors? (Hint: site of smell.)

A

Olfactory epithelium

51
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

52
Q

Where are Bowman’s glands found?

A

Olfactory mucosa

53
Q

Classify the structure of Bowman’s glands

A

Branched tubuloalveolar

54
Q

What is the function of Bowman’s glands?

A

Produce fluid to dissolve odiferous substances

55
Q

What is another term for olfactory glands?

A

Bowman’s glands

56
Q

Why does air get warmer as it passes the nasal cavity?

A

Area is highly vascularized

57
Q

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

58
Q

What holds the trachea open?

A

Rings of C-shaped cartilage

59
Q

Which muscle bridges the gap between the ends of C-shaped cartilage in the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle

60
Q

What happens to the C-shaped cartilage ring in trachea with aging?

A

Becomes partially ossified

61
Q

With aging, the C-shaped cartilage ring in trachea becomes partially ossified. What impact does this have?

A

Harder to swallow or cough due to rigidity

62
Q

What type of epithelium would you find at the head of the bronchus?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

63
Q

What are pneumocytes?

A

Epithelial cells of the alveoli

64
Q

What is the role of surfactants?

A

Lower surface tension

65
Q

List 3 types of cells found in the alveolar lining.

A
  1. Type I pneumocytes
  2. Type II pneumocytes
  3. Macrophages
66
Q

Compare the structure of type I pneumocytes and type II pneumocytes.

A

Type I: simple squamous

Type II: cuboidal

67
Q

Compare the alveolar area covered by type I pneumocytes and type II pneumocytes.

A

Type I: 90%

Type II: 10%

68
Q

Compare the function of type I pneumocytes and type II pneumocytes.

A

Type I: gas exchange

Type II: produce surfactant

69
Q

What is the role of macrophages in the alveoli?

A

Phagocytose foreign particles

70
Q

How long do erythrocytes spend in the alveolar capillaries?

A

< 1 second

71
Q

Which cup-like sack performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine?

A

Bowman’s capsule

72
Q

Why can a needle only be inserted in a full bladder?

A

Empty bladder is covered by pubic symphysis

73
Q

Place the following structures in the correct order (re: path of urine).

  1. Collecting ducts
  2. Calyces
  3. Ureter
  4. DCT
  5. Renal papillae
A

DCT -> Collecting ducts -> Renal papillae -> Calyces -> Ureter

74
Q

What type of epithelium lines the distal convoluted tubules?

A

Simple cuboidal

75
Q

What type of epithelium lines the calyces and ureter?

A

Transitional

76
Q

Compare the functions of the male urethra and female urethra.

A

Male: urinary, reproductive
Female: urinary

77
Q

The distal urethra contains which rare type of epithelium?

A

Stratified columnar

78
Q

What type of tissue would you find in the sub-mucosa?

A

Connective

79
Q

List 2 structures where you would find c-shaped cartilage.

A
  1. Trachea

2. Bronchi

(BMED) TOB 1-5 (8 decks)

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