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(BMED) TOB 1-5 > 4.1 - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

4.1 - Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 basic components of connective tissue?

A
  1. Cells

2. ECM

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2
Q

What are the 2 basic components of the ECM?

A
  1. Fibres (collagen, reticular, elastic)

2. Ground substance

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3
Q

Which type of tissue provides mechanical support to muscle, nerve, and epithelial tissue?

A

Connective tissue

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4
Q

Which type of tissue provides metabolic and physiological support to muscle, nerve, and epithelial tissue?

A

Connective tissue

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Loose connective tissue

2. Dense connective tissue

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of embryonic connective tissue?

A
  1. Mesenchymal (location: mesoderm)

2. Mucus (location: umbilical cord)

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7
Q

Where would you find embryonic mucus connective tissue?

A

Umbilical cord

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8
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

Synthesize and maintain ECM

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9
Q

What are 2 substances synthesized by fibroblasts? (Hint: components of ECM.)

A
  1. Fibres (collagen, reticular, elastic)

2. Ground substance

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10
Q

What type of cells synthesize collagen fibres?

A

Fibroblasts

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11
Q

What type of cells synthesize reticular fibres?

A

Fibroblasts

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12
Q

What type of cells synthesize elastic fibres?

A

Fibroblasts

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13
Q

What type of cells synthesize ground substance?

A

Fibroblasts

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14
Q

What are fibrocytes?

A

Mature and less active fibroblasts

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15
Q

What are mesenchymal cells?

A

Stem cells originating from the mesenchyme

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16
Q

List 5 derivatives of mesenchymal cells

A
  1. Chondroblasts (cartilage)
  2. Lipoblasts (fat)
  3. Fibroblasts (supporting tissue)
  4. Osteoblasts (bone)
  5. Myoblasts (skeletal muscle)
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17
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Cells that ingest unwanted material

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18
Q

What white blood cell precursor do macrophages derive from?

A

Monocytes

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19
Q

What happens to monocytes in tissues?

A

Differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells

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20
Q

Macrophages are antigen-presenting cells. What do antigen-presenting cells do?

A

Present antigens for recognition by T cells

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21
Q

What would you call macrophages of the liver?

A

Kuepfer cells

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22
Q

What would you call macrophages of the CNS?

A

Microglia

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23
Q

What would you call macrophages of the bone?

A

Osteoclasts

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24
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Granule-rich white blood cells that mediate allergy and immunity

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25
Q

3 components of mast cell granules.

A
  1. Heparin
  2. Histamine
  3. Cytokines
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26
Q

How does heparin in mast cells improve immune response?

A

Anti-coagulant; flow of white blood cells and antibodies to the area

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27
Q

How does histamine in mast cells improve immune response?

A

Increases vessel permeability; flow of white blood cells and antibodies to the area

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28
Q

How do cytokines in mast cells improve immune response?

A

Attract eosinophils and neutrophils

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29
Q

Describe the role of mast cells in type I hypersensitivity (i.e., allergic reaction).

A

B-cells produce IgE antbodies ->
Mast cells become coated with IgE ->
Upon exposure to the antigen, mast cells release inflammatory factors

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30
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

A severe allergic reaction that may cause death

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31
Q

What stain gives mast cells an intense purple color?

A

Giemsa

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32
Q

What is the primary function of the ECM?

A

Determine the morphology and function of the tissue

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33
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Gel-like matrix in which components of the ECM are embedded

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34
Q

List the 3 main components of ground substance.

A
  1. GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)
  2. Proteoglycans
  3. Glycoproteins
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35
Q

How do the components of ground substance (i.e., GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins) render it useful for resisting compressing and providing lubrication?

A
  1. Inflexible

2. Hydrophilic

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36
Q

Why would you inject hyaluronic acid (a GAG) into a joint to improve mobility?

A

Attaches to a proteoglycan to form hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregate, which resists compression and provides lubrication

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37
Q

What is the most common protein in the body?

A

Collagen

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38
Q

Which dye stains collagen bright red?

A

Picro-Sirius Red

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39
Q

What happens to irreversibly denatured collagens?

A

Form gelatin and glue

40
Q

How many types of collagen have been identified to date?

A

28

41
Q

Describe the molecular structure of a collagen molecule.

A
  1. 3 alpha chains
  2. Glycine every third residue
  3. Triple helix
42
Q

Describe how fibrillar collagen is synthesized.

A

RER:
-Synthesis of α chains
-Vitamin C hydrolyses proline -and lysine residues
-Glycosylation of proline and lysine residues
-Assembly of triple helix to form procollagen
ECM:
-Non-helical terminal peptides cleaved
-Collagen molecules assemble into fibrils

43
Q

What type of pattern would you see in a high-resolution image of a single collagen fibril?

A

Banding pattern

44
Q

What is the most abundant type of collagen?

A

Type I (90%)

45
Q

List 4 places where you would find type I collagen. (Hint: strongest.)

A
  1. Bone
  2. Tendons
  3. Ligaments
  4. Skin
46
Q

What type of collagen would you find in bones, tendons, ligaments, and skin?

A

Type I

47
Q

List 2 places where you would find type II collagen.

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
    Remember: carTWOlage
48
Q

Describe the fibrillar structure of type I collagen.

A

Bundles of fibrils

49
Q

What type of collagen would you find in hyaline and elastic cartilage?

A

Type II

50
Q

Describe the fibrillar structure of type II collagen.

A

Fine mesh of fibrils

51
Q

Where would you find type III collagen?

A

Reticular fibres

Remember: reTHREEcular fibres

52
Q

Describe the fibrillar structure of type III collagen.

A

Branching fibrils

53
Q

What type of collagen would you find in reticular fibres?

A

Type III

54
Q

Where would you find type IV collagen?

A

Basal lamina

Remember: type FOUR is in the FLOOR

55
Q

Describe the fibrillar structure of type IV collagen.

A

Sheet

56
Q

Where would you find type VII collagen?

A

Anchoring basal lamina to reticular fibres

57
Q

What type of collagen would you find anchoring basal lamina to reticular fibres?

A

Type VII

58
Q

What are the 2 microfibrillar components of elastic fibres?

A
  1. Elastin

2. Fibrillin

59
Q

Describe the structure of elastin.

A

Highly cross-linked; coiled in its relaxed form

60
Q

What is the function of elastic fibres?

A

Allow tissues to stretch

61
Q

What is the structure of reticular fibres?

A

Thin, branching fibrils of type III collagen

62
Q

What is the function of reticular fibres?

A

Structural framework (visualize: skeleton)

63
Q

What is the function of collagen in the ECM?

A

Structural support

64
Q

What Is the structure of collagen in the ECM?

A

Bundles of varying thickness

65
Q

How does systemic sclerosis affect connective tissue?

A

Excess accumulation of collagen leads to hardening and functional impairment

66
Q

How does scurvy (i.e., vitamin C deficiency) affect connective tissue?

A

Defective collagen synthesis leads to hemorrhage and gum ulceration

67
Q

What defect in collagen synthesis causes scurvy?

A

Vitamin C deficiency prevents hydroxylation of proline and lysine

68
Q

How does Marfan syndrome affect connective tissue?

A

Defective chromosomes coding for fibrillin lead to undeveloped elastic fibres (visualize: stretched out sock)

69
Q

What is the inheritance pattern for Marfan syndrome?

A

Autosomal dominant

70
Q

List 4 symptoms of Marfan syndrome.

A
  1. Abnormally tall
  2. Abnormally long fingers and toes
  3. Frequent joint dislocation
  4. Risk of aortic rupture
71
Q

What is arachnodactyly?

A

Abnormally long fingers and toes

Remember: “spider fingers”

72
Q

How does Ehlers-Danlos syndrome affect connective tissue?

A

Defective collagen synthesis leads to tissue fragility (visualize: weak joints, stretchy skin, ruptured vessels)

73
Q

How might type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome lead to aortic rupture?

A

Defective type III collagen synthesis weakens reticular fibres, which support the aorta

74
Q

What are the 2 possible inheritance patterns for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

A
  1. Autosomal dominant

2. Autosomal recessive

75
Q

How does Williams syndrome affect connective tissue?

A

Deletion from region of chromosome 7 includes ELN gene, which leads to learning and cardiovascular problems
Remember: drunk William is dumb and red

76
Q

How does osteogenesis imperfecta affect connective tissue?

A

Defective type I collagen synthesis leads to spontaneous fractures

77
Q

Which bone disease is characterised by blue-tinged sclera?

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

78
Q

Compare the structure of loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.

A

Loose: more ground substance, loosely packed collagen and fibres
Dense: less ground substance, densely packed collagen and fibres

79
Q

Compare the structure of regular connective tissue and irregular connective tissue.

A

Regular: parallel bundles of collagen
Irregular: criss-crossing bundles of collagen

80
Q

What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel?

A
  1. Tunica intima (endothelium and connective tissue)
  2. Tunica media (elastic fibres and smooth muscle)
  3. Tunica adventitia (collagen)
81
Q

Usually, fibroblasts produce ECM. However, what produces ECM in elastic arteries?

A

Smooth muscle

82
Q

What are the 3 main functions of loose connective tissue?

A
  1. Metabolic support
  2. Immune support
  3. Physical support
83
Q

What is the main function of dense connective tissue?

A

Physical support

84
Q

Why is dense connective tissue slow to heal?

A

Poorly vascularized

85
Q

Compare the function of tendons and ligaments.

A

Tendons: join muscle to bone or muscle to muscle
Ligaments: join bone to bone

86
Q

What would you call a large, flattened tendon?

A

Aponeuroses

87
Q

What is an aponeuroses?

A

Large, flattened tendon

88
Q

List 6 purposes of connective tissue.

A
  1. ATTACH muscle to bone, muscle to muscle, and bone to bone (e.g., tendons and ligaments)
  2. STRUCTURE for tissues (e.g., collagen)
  3. CUSHION between tissues and organs (e.g., adipose tissue)
  4. MEDIUM of diffusion for nutrients and wastes (e.g, blood)
  5. DEFEND against infection (e.g., blood)
  6. REPAIR following injury (e.g., blood)
89
Q

List 2 structures where you would find dense regular connective tissue.

A
  1. Tendons

2. Ligaments

90
Q

Compare the histological appearance of tendons and ligaments.

A

Tendons: straight collagen bundles
Ligaments: wavy collagen bundles

91
Q

List 4 structures where you would find dense irregular connective tissue.

A
  1. Dermis
  2. Glands
  3. Walls of tubular organs
  4. Tubular capsules
92
Q

List 4 places where you would find loose connective tissue.

A
  1. Blood
  2. Adipose tissue
  3. Beneath epithelia
  4. Surrounding blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes
93
Q

List 3 functions of adipose tissue.

A
  1. Fuel
  2. Thermogenesis
  3. Shock absorption
94
Q

Compare the histological appearance of white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue.

A

White: cells comprise of single large fat droplet, peripheral nuclei
Brown: cells comprise of many small fat droplets, central nuclei

95
Q

List 2 traits that give brown fat its colour.

A
  1. Rich blood supply

2. Abundant mitochondria

96
Q

Which tissue controls non-shivering thermogenesis (esp. in the upper chest and neck)?

A

Brown fat

97
Q

Which 2 cell types secrete histamine?

A
  1. Basophils

2. Mast cells

(BMED) TOB 1-5 (8 decks)

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