5.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

define photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light

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2
Q

word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll

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3
Q

what is chlorophyll?

A

it is a green pigment in plants. it transfers light energy
into chemical energy in molecules, for the synthesis of carbohydrates.

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4
Q

what happens during photosynthesis?

A

In photosynthesis, plants combine the raw materials carbon dioxide (from the air) and water (from the soil) to form glucose and oxygen

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5
Q

why is chlorophyll nessacary for photosynthesis?

A

Because chlorophyll absorbs light (usually sunlight), which is nessacary for photosynthesis to occur.

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6
Q

why is light nessacary for photosynthesis?

A

because the sunlight is the initial energy that starts photosynthesis. The light causes a chemical reaction that breaks down carbon dioxide and water and converts them into sugar (glucose) and oxygen

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7
Q

why is carbon dioxide nessacary for photosynthesis?

A

Because it provides the carbon required for the plant to produce glucose

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8
Q

Describe the importance of nitrate ions and magnesium ions

A

Nitrate ions:
To make amino acids which are used to make proteins

Magnesium ions:
Are absorbed by plants and used to make chlorophyll

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9
Q

what are chloroplasts (not chlorophyll!)

A

a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place

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10
Q

Identify chloroplasts, cuticle, guard cells and
stomata, upper and lower epidermis, palisade
mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundles,
xylem and phloem in leaves of a dicotyledonous
plant

A

(see photo in quizlet)

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11
Q

Describe the cuticle

A

Cuticle: made of wax, secreted by upper epidermis. Helps to prevent water loss.

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12
Q

Describe the upper epidermis

A

Upper epidermis: a protective layer & barrier to disease. allows sunlight to penetrate.

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13
Q

describe the palisade mesophyll

A

Palisade mesophyll:
No gaps between cells. Cells are long, packed with chloroplasts. Main region for absorption of light for photosynthesis. most chloroplasts found here.

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14
Q

describe the spongy mesophyll

A

Spongy mesophyll: Spherical, loosely packed, contain chloroplasts but not as many as palisade. has air spaces between cells allow gas exchange.

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15
Q

describe the vascular bundle

A

Vascular bundle: Thin vein made of xylem and phloem.
Xylem vessels bring water & minerals to the leaf, phloem vessels transport sugars & amino acids away from the leaf.

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16
Q

describe the lower epidermis:

A

Lower epidermis:
Stomata present, acts as a protective layer

17
Q

describe the stomata

A

Stomata: pores in a stomata allows the movement of gases into and out of the leaf.

18
Q

describe the guard cells

A

Guard cells regulate whether the stomata is open or closed. they regulate the loss of water vapour during transpiration.

19
Q

State the balanced equation for photosynthesis

A

see on the syllabus :)

20
Q

Outline the subsequent use and storage of the
carbohydrates made in photosynthesis

A
  • Chloroplasts (containing chlorophyll) are responsible for trapping light energy.
  • This energy is converted to chemical energy for the formation of carbohydrates (glucose).
  • Glucose is usually changed to sucrose for transport around the plant, or to starch for storage.
  • Oxygen is released as a waste product or used by the plant for respiration.
21
Q

Investigate and describe the effect of varying
light intensity and temperature on the rate of
photosynthesis (e.g. in submerged aquatic plants)

A

The reaction of photosynthesis controlled by enzymes. because of this, the rate of photosynthesis is affected by temperature.

At low temperatures = very limited
At high temperatures = enzymes are denatured.

** As light intensity increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis. ****
**The rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to the light intensity **

***However, the rate cannot be increased indefinitely, a point is reached where all the chloroplasts cannot trap anymore light. (remember the graph??) **

22
Q

Describe the significance of the xylem and phloem

A

Xylem: the tissue that delivers water from the roots to the leaf
Phloem: the tissue that transports glucose away from the leaf. These tissues form vascular bundles in the plant.

23
Q

describe the importance of gas exchange

A

Gas exchange:
It happens in the spongy mesophyll tissue of the leaf.
To get to the spongy mesophyll cells inside the leaf, gases diffuse through small pores called stomata. They also open or close to control the loss of water from leaf by the process of transpiration.

24
Q

describe the importance of light absorption

A

Absorbing light energy:
Light absorption happens in the palisade mesophyll tissue of the leaf. Palisade cells are column shaped and packed with many chloroplasts. They are arranged closely together so that a lot of light energy can be absorbed.

25
Q

Explain the effects of nitrate ion and magnesium ion deficiency on plant growth

A

Nitrogen:
-To make proteins
-without it = Slow growth, weak stem, yellow leaves.

Magnesium:
-To make chlorophyll
-without it = yellowing of leaves

26
Q

how do each of the factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature

A

as light increases, rate of photosynthesis increases

as carbon dioxide increases, rate of photosynthesis increases

as temperature increases, rate of photosynthesis increases up to a maximum after which it decreases rapidly

27
Q

name four tissues in a leaf

A

(any from) cuticle, epidermis, spongy mesophyll, palisade mesophyll, xylem

28
Q

why is a large surface area inside a leaf essential for photosynthesis?

A

because it maximizes the rate of diffusion.

29
Q

why is a transparent epidermis a adaptation for photosynthesis?

A

it allows as much light as possible to pass through the cells to reach the palisade cells below where there are chloroplasts