5018 Unit 4

Question 1

What reinforcer effectiveness refers to

Answer 1

1. Momentary capacity to support responses that produce it.

2. Utility in producing long-term behavior change.

Question 2

Operations that alter the prolonged value of a stimulus

Answer 2

Repeated exposure
Value enhancing effects/ Value diminishing effects
Stimulus Pairings
Contingency

Question 3

Determinants of Stimulus Value

Answer 3

Delay
Rate
Quality
Magnitude
Motivating Operations

Question 4

Delay as a determinant of stimulus value

Answer 4

Delays to reinforcement can weaken effectiveness of behavioral arrangements and result in the decrease in the value of a reinforcer.

Question 5

Rate as a determinant of stimulus value

Answer 5

Rate of reinforcement affect relative response allocation

Question 6

Organisms will distribute behavior among concurrently available alternatives in same proportion that reinforcers distributed among those alternatives

Answer 6

Matching Law

Question 7

Conceptualized in terms of level of preference

Answer 7

Quality

Question 8

Can vary according to quantity, intensity, or duration

Answer 8

Magnitude

Question 9

An environmental event, operation, or stimulus condition that serves 2 functions

Answer 9

Motivating Operation

Question 10

Two functions of MO

Answer 10

Reinforcer-establishing function

Evocative function

Question 11

Momentarily alters the reinforcing effectiveness of other events

Answer 11

Reinforcer-establishing function

Question 12

Momentarily alters the frequency of occurrence of the type of behaviors that produces those other events as a consequence

Answer 12

Evocative function

Question 13

Momentarily increases the reinforcing effectiveness of stimulus and momentarily increases the frequency of behavior that produce the stimulus as a consequence

Answer 13

Stimulus deprivation

Question 14

Momentarily decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of stimulus and momentarily decreases the frequency of behavior that produce the stimulus as a consequence

Answer 14

Stimulus satiation

Question 15

Refers to sensitivity to price, extent to which changes in unit price influence consumption of the commodity

Answer 15

Elasticity of demand

Question 16

Changes in price produce less than proportional changes in consumption

Answer 16

Inelastic demand

Question 17

Changes in price produce larger than proportional changes in consumption

Answer 17

Elastic demand

Question 18

What influences Elasticity of Demand?

Answer 18

Constraints on income
Open versus closed economies
Nature of available alternatives

Question 19

Consumption of reinforcer not dependent on responding within earning context; supplemental access to reinforcer provided outside of earning context

Answer 19

Open economies

Question 20

Consumption of reinforcer entirely dependent on responding within earning context; no supplemental access

Answer 20

Closed economies

Question 21

Demand is more elastic when

Answer 21

Substitutable reinforcers are concurrently available

Question 22

Reinforcers that share important functional properties

Answer 22

Substitutable reinforcers

Question 23

Determinants of Stimulus Value

Answer 23

Contingency
Accumulation and Continuity
Variation and Choice

Question 24

The amount of work the person has to complete to earn reinforcer influence the subsequent effectiveness of that reinforcer

Answer 24

Contingency

Question 25

Reinforcers need not be consumed following each completion of a schedule requirement but rather can be accumulated then collected and consumed later

Answer 25

Accumulation

Question 26

Reasons for accumulating reinforcers

Answer 26

Does not interrupt ongoing behavior

Requires fewer teacher resources

Question 27

Procedures that interrupt continuity might alter the quality of the reinforcer, thus discounting its effectiveness

Answer 27

Continuity

Question 28

Delivery of a brief period of access each time a small response requirement is met

Answer 28

Distributed reinforcement

Question 29

Delivery of all reinforcement at the same time following the completion of a larger response requirement

Answer 29

Accumulated reinforcement

Question 30

Conclusion about accumulation

Answer 30

Accumulated access mediated through tokens support:
Faster work
Greater overall quantity of work
Preferred by learner

Question 31

What promotes accumulation

Answer 31

Consumption cost
Interest for savings
Nature of reinforcer and continuity

Question 32

Arranges for rotation of different reinforcers following responding

Answer 32

Stimulus Variation

Question 33

Findings about stimulus variation

Answer 33

Increase response rate and decrease IRT

Preferred even if varied reinforcers are of lesser preference but still moderately preferred

Question 34

Types of Choice

Answer 34

Pre-session selection

Within-session selection

Question 35

Pre-session selection

Answer 35

Ask which reinforcer they would like to earn in the following instructional session

Question 36

Within-session selection

Answer 36

Permit learner to choose from a small array of reinforcers each time the schedule requirement is met

Question 37

Potential reasons why “reinforcement” may not work

Answer 37

1. Contrived external contingencies where contingencies were not needed.
2. Procedural mismatches between response and its outcome

Question 38

Types of procedural mismatches

Answer 38

1. The stimulus used was not a reinforcer
2. The stimulus was not a reinforcer under specific conditions in which it was arranged
3. The stimulus was no longer a reinforcer under these conditions
4. A response-reinforcer contingency was arranged but was not contacted
5. The stimulus followed the wrong response

Question 39

Decrease in responding may result from

Answer 39

1. Overjustification
2. Punishment: Time out from preferred activity
3. Discriminative properties of of reinforcers: Reinforcer evokes incompatible behavior