5018 Unit 3 Flashcards
Simplest arrangement where you deliver a discrete consequence for each discrete response
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcement only sometimes follows target response
Intermittent reinforcement
Reinforcement is provided following a pre-specified number of responses
Ratio schedules
Two Varieties of Ratio Schedule
Fixed Ratio (FR) Variable Ratio (VR)
Deliver reinforcer after the last of a fixed number of responses
Fixed Ratio
Arrange reinforcers for the last of number of responses that varies from one reinforcer to the next
Variable Ratio
Reinforcement provided for the first response that follows some amount of time
Interval Schedules
Two Varieties of Interval Schedule
Fixed-interval (FI)
Variable-interval (VI)
Reinforcement delivered contingent on first response after some constant time period has elapsed
Fixed-interval
Arrange reinforcers contingent on first response after a specified time, but time varies from one reinforcer to the next
Variable-interval
Deliver stimuli known in other contexts to be reinforcers solely on the basis of time independent of responding
Response-independent schedules (time-based)
Two Varieties of Time-Based Schedule
Fixed Time (FT) Variable Time (VT)
Reinforcer delivered after some constant time period has elapsed
Fixed Time (FT)
Arrange reinforcers after a specified time, but the time varies from one reinforcer to the next
Variable Time
Some responses are reinforced and others are not
Differential Reinforcement
t s without response, then 1 response, decrease or slow down bx
DRL (low rate)
1 response within t s or less of last response; increase or speed up bx
DRH (high rate)
t s without a response
DRO (omission)
contingent on alternative response, often in the absence of target response
DRA (alternative)
Task materials and relevant instructions do not occasion predetermined level of performance in absence of prompts
Skill deficit
The skill is intact, but the person is unmotivated to respond under appropriate stimulus conditions
Performance (motivational) deficit
Some property of responding is gradually changed by differentially reinforcing successive approximations to target behavior
Shaping
Components of Shaping
Reinforcement and Extinction
This shaping component increases response variability allowing novel response form to contact reinforcement
Extinction
Ways to increase response diversity
Extinction
Lag reinforcement schedules
Number of responses separating current response from an earlier one like it
Lag
Current response is reinforced if it differs from the last preceding responses along the specified dimension
Lag reinforcement schedule
Reinforcing only unprompted correct responses lead to
infrequent reinforcers
Reinforcing physically guided responses lead to
risk of strengthening behavior that will not generalize beyond the learning setting
Ultimate goal of prompting
promote independent responding
Naturally related to the responses that produce it
Intrinsic reward
Arbitrarily related to the responses that produce it
Extrinsic reward
Sr+ contingencies (extrinsic rewards) lead to decrements in enjoyment (intrinsic rewards) and thus result in decreases in engagement
Overjustification Theory
What accounts for lessened intrinsic motivation
Contrast Effects
Learned Helplessness Phenomena
Changes in rate of Sr+ under one condition can produce an opposite change in rate of responding in another condition
Contrast Effects
In performance-independent reward, “it doesn’t matter how well I do”
Learner Helplessness Phenomena
A prediction conducted under very low effort requirements often with simplistic responses and predictions do not necessarily guarantee utility of stimulus in actual training or treatment
Stimulus Preference Assessments (SPA)
General experimental arrangements for Sr+ assessments
Single Operant
Concurrent Schedule
Progressive Ratio
Demand Curves
Three General Categories of SPAs
Indirect Preference Assessment
Naturalistic (in-vivo) direct observation
Direct Preference Assessment
Direct Preference Assessment Methods
Single Item/ Approach Method
Paired-Stimulus Preference Assessment
Multiple-Stimulus Preference Assessment
Duration Based Preference Assessment
AKA single-stimulus assessment; place one item in front of the person; measure whether or not they approach the item; hierarchy based on approaches/ trials
Single Item/ Approach Method
AKA forced choice PA; stimuli presented in pairs
Paired-Stimulus Preference Assessment
Present all items in the array spontaneously
Multiple-Stimulus Preference Assessment
Formula for number of trials in Paired-stimulus PA
Number of trials= n(n-1)/2, where n is total number of stimuli included
Variations of Multiple Stimulus PA
MSW
MSWO
Items are presented to the individual and the proportion of time spent engaging with the items is recorded
Duration-based Preference Assessment
Variations of Duration-based PA
Free operant/ multiple item
Single item presentation
Competing Stimulus Preference Assessment
Duration-based assessment used to determine the extent to which stimuli displace problem behavior
Competing Stimulus Preference Assessment
Stimulus Preference Assessment for Individuals with Profound Disabilities
Microswitches
Indices of happiness
Selection controlled by location rather than by the items themselves
Position Bias
Ways to Eliminate Position Bias
Quality Training
Magnitude Training
ABLA
Assessment of Basic Learning Abilities
An important consideration when selecting reinforcers
Ecological Fit of Reinforcers
