5010 Pathology: Injury, Inflammation, Healing

Question 1

What is Inflammation?

Answer 1

A coordinated tissue response to injury. Not limited to just cells.

It is homeostatic:
+ promotes healing
- potential to cause further injury

Question 2

Classic signs/symptoms of inflammation

Answer 2

a. Rubor- red (increase in blood flow)
b. Calor- heat (increase in blood flow)
c. Tumor- swelling (increase in fluid, usu from blood)
d. Dolor- pain (pressure on nerve receptors, inflamm. chemicals)

Question 3

Chemical Mediators of Inflammation

Answer 3

a. Histamines
b. Derivatives of Arachidonic acid
c. Platelet activating factor
d. Cytokines
e. Plasma protein protease systems

Question 4

Vascular Changes

Answer 4

a. If injury disrupts the vessel wall
- neural vasoconstriction
- exposed collagen leads to platelet aggregation

b. If injury does not rupture the vessel wall
i. initial neural vasoconstriction
ii. later vasodilation & increased permeability
iii. transudate or exudate

Question 5

Leukocyte accumulation and increased activity

Answer 5

a. Margination
b. Diapedesis
c. Leukocytes act to eliminate cause of inflamm
d. Types of leukocytes indicate type of inflame
i. Neutrophils
ii. Lymphocytes
iii. Eosinophils
e. Leukocytes function in lymph system
f. Macrophages: later participants

Question 6

Chronic Inflammation Causes

Answer 6

repeated acute inflammation
prolonged immune rxn
un-regenerating tissue

Question 7

Chronic Inflammation: Granulation tissue

Answer 7

proliferating endothelial cells (BV repeat)
and fibroblasts (CT repair)

Question 8

Chronic Inflammation: accumulation of….

Answer 8

macrophages (clean)
and lymphocytes (B-cells/ antibodies)

Question 9

Histamine

Answer 9

Nitrogen containing molecule

i. from tissue mast cells, basophils, platelets
ii. causes endothelial cell contraction
iii. short lived

Question 10

Derivatives of arachidonic acid

Answer 10

i. phospholipase acts on cell membrane phospholipids to produce arachidonic acid
ii. cyclo-oxygenase (COX) pathway
prostaglandins and thromboxjnes
iii. lip-oxygenase enzyme pathway: leukotrienes, histamine-LIKE effect

Question 11

Cytokines

Answer 11

from WBCs and affect leukocytes or other cells.

i. Interleukin 1 and Interleukin 2
ii. Tumor Necrosis Factor

Can have systemic or local effects

Question 12

Plasma protein protease systems

Answer 12

i. Coagulation system
ii. Fibrinolytic system
iii. Complement system
a. optomization for phagocytosis
b. membrane attack complex, MAC, for cell rupture
iv. kinin system: produces Bradykinin-stimulates pain.