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infectious disease > 5 respiratory diseases > Flashcards

5 respiratory diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what produces aerosols?

A

speaking, singing, normal breathing

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2
Q

respiratory droplets

A

largest fall to the ground in a few meters

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3
Q

droplet nuclei sizes

A

1-4 microns, can travel long distances + reaches the lower respiratory tract

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4
Q

what is the most common site for infections

A

respiratory tract

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5
Q

what results in more visits to physicians than any other diagnosis

A

upper respiratory infections

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6
Q

respiratory infections

A
  • usually mild, common, and taken for granted

- immense disease burden have a major economic impact

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7
Q

how many days of restricted activity/ year due to influenza like illnesses

A

more than 400 million

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8
Q

severe consequences for people with respiratory infections, especially in people

A

compromised by other diseases

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9
Q

why are respiratory infections so common?

A
  • direct contact with the environment
  • continuously exposed to bugs in the air we breathe
  • some are highly virulent and may infect a normal person even in small numbers
  • most do not cause infection unless other factors interfere with host defenses
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10
Q

air is full of

A

particulate matter, bacteria, fungi, + viruses

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11
Q

how many breaths / day?

A

12-20 breaths / min * 60 min * 24 hrs= 17,280 - 28,800 breaths/day

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12
Q

how many influenza particles in a gram or cc of water

A

100-1000 particles 80-120 nm in diameter so 100 trillion particles in a gram of cc of water

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13
Q

*defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract

A
  • airway + reflexes
  • the mucociliary escalator
  • alveolar macrophages
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14
Q

airway + reflexes

A
  • changes in direction of airflow

- laryngeal spasm reflex; coughing

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15
Q

the mucociliary escalator

A

mucus (lysozyme, secretory IgA antibodies) + cilia

-goblet cells secrete mucus w/ antibacterials

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16
Q

cilia

A

moves mucus in outward direction

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17
Q

as particles stick to your mucus, you can get rid of it through

A

outward flow

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18
Q

turbinate baffles

A

traps small particles before it gets to your lungs

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19
Q

lymph tissues

A

stations where lymphocytes sit and wait to fight infections

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20
Q

alveoli

A

gas exchange between your blood and air

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21
Q

where are turbinate baffles located

A

nasal cavity

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22
Q

two main classifications

A

Upper respiratory infection

lower respiratory infection

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23
Q

upper respiratory infection

A

above the trachea

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24
Q

lower respiratory infection

A

below the trachea

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25
Q

*what causes the common cold

A

rhinovirus

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26
Q

common cold

A

URI
nasopharynx
rhinovirus + other pathogens

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27
Q

pharyngitis

A

URI
oropharynx
viruses

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28
Q

strep throat

A

URI
oropharynx
group A strep

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29
Q

group A strep gram

A

GRAM POS

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30
Q

infections of the lungs

A

lower respiratory tract infections

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31
Q

influenza

A

lung bronchi or alveoli
caused by influenza virus
LRI

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32
Q

strep pneumoniae

A

lung bronchi
bronchitis
LRI

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33
Q

what causes bronchitis

A

strep pneumoniae + hemophiilus influenzae

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34
Q

what is more life threatening, LRI or URI

A

LRI are generally more life threatening

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35
Q

what causes pneumoniae?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae (person to person)

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36
Q

legionella

A

environmental source of pneumonia

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37
Q

before antibiotics, what were the top causes of death

A

pneumonia + tb

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38
Q

what causes pulmonary tuberculosis

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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39
Q

lung abcess

A

mixed anaerobic + aerobic bacteria

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40
Q

classification of pneumonia syndromes

A

acute (sudden onset)

subacute or chronic (lasting or reoccuring pneumonia)

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41
Q

acute (sudden onset) acquired?

A

symptoms progress over a few days

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42
Q

how is acute (sudden onset) pneumonia acquired?

A

community or hospital/nosocomial acquired

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43
Q

acute (sudden onset) pneumonia that is community acquired

A

S. pneumoniae= person to person

L. pneumophila= environmental

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44
Q

acute (sudden onset) pneumonia hospital acquired

A

enteric bacteria or pseudomonas aeruginosa

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45
Q

subacute or chronic

A

lasting or reoccuring pneumonia

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46
Q

examples of subacute or chronic pneumonia

A

pulmonary tuberculosis,

fungal pneumonia + lung abcess

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47
Q

subacute or chronic pneumonia - fungal pneumonia

A

histoplasma, capsulatum

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48
Q

subacute or chronic pneumonia-lung abcess

A

walled off area to stop infection but organisms stay viable in the access But, the wall can crack and the disease can spread

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49
Q

pneumonia, infection of the

A

lung parenchyma

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50
Q

pneumonia

A

may be caused by many different pathogens, sometimes with distinctive clinical manifestations

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51
Q

is pneumonia one disease?

A

no, it is many diff ones that share a common anatomic location

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52
Q

104 degrees + rust color sputum

A

strong indicator of bacterial infection

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53
Q

consolidation

A

alveoli + small airways fill with dense material; lung becomes inelastic

54
Q

bronchitis

A

no consolidation

55
Q

patchy, homogenous, or generalized

A

ways to describe consolidation

56
Q

what do you use to treat strep pneumoniae

A

penicillin

57
Q

diplococci strep pneumoniae

A

dark purple; gram pos

58
Q

gram neg

A

light pink

59
Q

pneumolysin*

A

the most virulence factor in strep pneumoniae

60
Q

gram pos

A

no LPS

61
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae = encounter

A

person to person, carrier, fomites

62
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae= entry

A

inhalation

63
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae= growth and spread

A

grows extracellularly

64
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae = damage

A
  • no endotoxin
  • penumolysin=toxin/virulence factor
  • acute inflammation = lots of neutrophils
  • fluids in the lungs
65
Q

capsule of streptococcus pneumoniae

A

allows organism to resist phagocytosis by macrophages

66
Q

alveoli in infected person with pneumonia

A

fluid in airsacs

-when it becomes dense, shows up in X-rays

67
Q

stages in inflammatory process of pneumonia

A
  1. alveoli fill with clear fluid
  2. early consolidation
  3. late consolidation
    4 resolution
68
Q

pneumonia = 1. alveoli fill with clear fluid

A

clear, serous fluid, body can’t phagocytose bc of capsule

69
Q

pneumonia= 2. early consolidation

A

surrouding capillaries burst so cells are filled with blood

70
Q

pneumonia= 3. late consolidation

A

neutrophils are here trying to clear out infection

71
Q

when can a person suffocate and die during pneumoni

A

late consolidation

72
Q

alveolar air spaces in pneumonia

A

alveolar spaces are filled with purple neutrophils, trying to clear infection, but in process they can cause damage

73
Q

major dangers of bacterial pneumonia

A

bacteremia may develop

-organism may spread to other organs (e.g. meninges (meningitis), heart valves (endocarditis)

74
Q

why do you want to catch pneumonia early?

A

pneumonia can leak out into bloodstream causing meningitis and endocarditis

75
Q

now that there are antibiotics, pneumonia

A

responds quickly to antibiotics and can have complete recovery of the lung

76
Q

pneumonia

A

1 person to person (you must inhale into alveolar spaces)
2 extracellular
3 capsule

77
Q

legioneires disease is caused by what bacteria

A

legionella pneumophila

78
Q

what causes legioneires disease

A

water; aerosols from the AC if it contaminated with legionella

79
Q

what does legionella colonize?

A

plumbing systems

80
Q

what can contaminate dental unit water systems

A

legionella

81
Q

legionella= ecounter

A

contaminated water

82
Q

legionella= entry

A

inhalation

83
Q

is legionella killed by macrophages?

A

NO, it is taken up, but not killed. It grows inside macrophages

84
Q

why can’t legionella prevent phagocytosis

A

it does not have a capsule to prevent phagocytosis

85
Q

legionella causes damage due

A

host inflammatory response

86
Q

is legionella an intracellular organism

A

yes

87
Q

legionella gram stain

A

gram neg with small pink rods

88
Q

legionella is environmental via

A

water systems

89
Q

legionella grows inside macrophages so does it get phagocytosed?

A

yes, but not killed

90
Q

if a patient has lung abscess with pus, this is caused by

A

subacute pneumonia or chronic pneumonia

91
Q

how can we protect patient from aspirating materials?

A

use a rubber dam

92
Q

lung abscess - encounter

A

own flora

93
Q

lung abscess entry

A

aspiration

94
Q

gradual onset of a lung abscess takes how long?

A

4 weeks

95
Q

lung abscess can affect people with what kind of flora

A

normal flora

96
Q

actinomyces

A

gram pos bacilli

97
Q

what kind of anaerobe is actinomyces?

A

facultative or obligate anaerobe

98
Q

how do actinomyces grow?

A

in chains and appear similar to fungi but are bacteria

99
Q

actinomyces rate of growth

A

slow

100
Q

what is actinomyces associated with in dentistry

A

periodontitis + caries

101
Q

polymicrobial infections

A

multiple species of bacteria or pathogens causing the disease example actinomyces

102
Q

pulmonary actinomyces

A

rare infection of the lung

103
Q

risk factors of pulmonary actinomycosis

A 
poor dental hygiene
dental abscess
alcohol abuse
emphysema
scars on the lung
104
Q

symptoms of pulmonary actinomycosis

A

chest pain, cough, fever, lethargy, night sweats, shortness of breath, weight loss, infection often develops slowly

105
Q

tx for pulmonary actinomycosis

A

IV antibiotics 4-6 weeks

106
Q

with slow growing organisms, antibiotic tx is very long like tb

A

6 mos. to a year of tx

107
Q

actinomycosis , other sites

A

cervicofacial actinomycosis

abdominal actinomycosis

108
Q

cervicofacial actinomycosis

A

lumpy jaw

  • most common form of actinomycosis
  • poort oral hygiene
  • invasive dental procedure
  • oral trauma
109
Q

abdominal actinomycosis

A

surgery or trauma

110
Q

pelvic actinomycosis

A

intrauterine devices

111
Q

brain abscess

A

spread from other infected site

112
Q

pertussis

A

whooping cough

113
Q

the only vaccine preventable infection whose incidence is increasing in US

A

pertussis whoooping cough

114
Q

increase of pertussis whooping cough is in

A

adolescents and young adults; asocaited with waning immunity

115
Q

what vaccines needs boosters

A

pertussis

116
Q

how long do people cough for after having pertussis

A

3 mos of high pitch coughs

117
Q

what vaccine prevents pertussis

A

DTAP

118
Q

Causative agent of pertusssis

A

bordetella pertussis

119
Q

bordetella pertussis- gram

A

gram negative

120
Q

bordetella pertussis

A
  • produces toxins
  • adhere to respiratory epithelium
  • toxins immbolize the escalator
121
Q

brordetella pertussis encounter

A
  • person to person
  • organism does not survive well in the environment
  • highly contageous
122
Q

bordetella pertussis entry

A

inhalation

123
Q

bordetella pertussis whooping cough stages

A

after 3 wks, whooping cough begins and lasts up to 2 mos. In adults, the cough may be milder but persists

124
Q

clinical manifestation of respiratory tract infection dependent upon

A

causative agent

125
Q

what causes strep throat and then rheumatic fever

A

strep pyogenes

126
Q

viruses mainly in upper respiatory tract

A

most cases of pharygitis - “srep” throat

127
Q

bacteria mainly in

A

otitis media, sinusitis, pharygitis, epiglottis, bronchitis, and pneumonia

128
Q

fungi and protozoa rarely in normal individuals but important causes of pneumonia in the

A

immune compromised

129
Q

what can cause respiratory disease

A

airborne microorganisms

130
Q

although open, the respiratory system is

A

well protected

131
Q

bacteria have mechanisms to defeat defenses

A

capsule (growth within macrophages)

132
Q

what is a risk factor

A

anything that impairs the defenses

infectious disease (7 decks)

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