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infectious disease > 1 intro > Flashcards

1 intro Flashcards

1
Q

white spots in back of throat

A

group A strep throat

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2
Q

measles

A

koplik’s spots

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3
Q

measles

A
  • highly contagious

- child should be quarantined

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4
Q

varicella zoster virus (shingles)

A
  • 1/2 of body has sores

- should not contact pregnant women

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5
Q

caries pathogen

A

strep mutans

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6
Q

pathogenic diseases found in oral cavity

A

caries, gingivitis, TB, pneumonia, whooping cough, gonorrhea, syphilis, clhlamydia

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7
Q

viruses found in oral cavity

A

influenza, measles, herpes simplex, epstein barr, hep B and C, HIV

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8
Q

how to think about infections

A 
encounter
entry
spread
multiplication
damage
outcome
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9
Q

virulence

A

ability to cause disease

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10
Q

susceptibility of host

A

predisposition for infection

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11
Q

incubation period

A

time between exposure and onset of symptoms

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12
Q

reservoir

A

host species in which a pathogen can be maintained indefinitely with no or few ill effects

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13
Q

encounter: where pathogens come from?

A

environment, infected person, infected insect or animal, normal flora

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14
Q

types of transmission

A

vertical, horizontal, iatrogenic, nosocomial

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15
Q

vertical transmission

A

transplacental, birth, neonatal

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16
Q

horizontal

A

all other types

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17
Q

iatrogenic

A

by healthcare workers (nonsterile)

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18
Q

nosocomial

A

hospital setting

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19
Q

entry: how pathogens get insde

A

mucosa of respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital
cornea
skin

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20
Q

entry of pathogens that don’t cross epithelial borders

A

inhalation
ingestion
sexual contact

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21
Q

entry or pathogens crossing epithelial barriers

A

insect bites
wounds
medical or dental procedures (organ transplants, blood transfusions)

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22
Q

spread

A

from original site or distant

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23
Q

rotavirus infects elsewhere after spread

A

entry in intestinal epithelium, local disease (diarrhea)

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24
Q

poliovirus infects elsewhere after spread

A

entry in the intestinal epithelium, then spread to blood, then to CNS (paralysis)

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25
Q

pathogen damages host directly

A
  1. cell death bc of toxin or multiplication
  2. altered cellular metabolism due to effects of toxin or multiplication
    3 mechanical obstruction
26
Q

pathogen damages host indirectly (host response)

A

1 damage due to inflammation

2 damage due to the immune response

27
Q

possible outcomes of pathogen

A

host wins
organism wins
they coexist

28
Q

microbiota (normal flora)

A

10x microbial than human cells

29
Q

normally colonized areas

A 
skin
nose and oropharynx
mouth
large intestine
genital system
urinary tract
eyes
lungs
30
Q

low amounts of microbes in which areas

A

urinary tract, eyes, and lungs

31
Q

normally sterile (no microbes)

A

blood

deep tissues and organs

32
Q

microbiota may be good

A

keeps out invaders, stimulates the immune system

33
Q

microbiota may be bad

A

colonization with a pathogenic microbe may increase the chances of developing disease

34
Q

microbiota may be harmless

A

if microbes stay where they belong but may cause disease if they go elsewhere or if the host state changes (antibiotics, weakened immunity)

35
Q

physical barriers for host defense

A

skin
mucous membranes
fluid flow like saliva + urine

36
Q

chemical barriers for host defense

A

saliva + mucus

37
Q

constitutive host defenses

A

inflammatory response
complement
phagocytoses

38
Q

induced defenses

A

antibodies + T-cells

39
Q

how do microbes avoid host defenses?

A

avoid being washed away by fluids like adhering to host cells with pili

  • avoid complement (block complement activation)
  • avoid phagocytosed by having a capsule
  • avoid immune response by varying surface antigens
40
Q

pili

A
  • threadlike structures found on the bacterial surface

- contain adhesins that bind host cell receptors

41
Q

how are infections treated

A

antibiotics

42
Q

problem with antibiotics

A
  • resistance
  • do not work against viruses, fungi, and parasites
  • diseases may be caused by bacterial toxins (botulism) instead of live bacteria
43
Q

measles virus is also called

A

rubeola

44
Q

symptoms of measles

A

fever
COUGH
CORYZA (runny nose)
CONJUNCTIVITIS ( red, watery eyes)

45
Q

2-3 days after measles

A

koplik’s spots (white spots in mouth)

46
Q

3-5 days after measles

A

rash (head, then body)

47
Q

encounter of measles

A

direct contact with airborne droplets

48
Q

how long can measles survive for in the air

A

2 hours

49
Q

entry of measles

A

respiratory tract

50
Q

spread of measles

A

respiratory tract->blood (viremia)-> other organs like skin (rash)

51
Q

damage from measles

A

virus (cytotoxicity) and host (imune response)

52
Q

viremia

A

presence of viruses in blood

53
Q

measles epidemiology

A

EXTREMELY INFECTIOUS- 4 days before the rash to 4 days after

54
Q

live attenuated vaccine for Measles

A 
MMR (measles, mumps, rubella . 1963)
2 doses: 1yr and 4-6 yr
lifelong immunity >95%
-has reduced measles in US from 4,000,000 to 50 cases/yr
-but epidemic since 2000
55
Q

what causes measles cases and outbreaks

A

unvaccinated travellers to philippines where there was a huge outbreak

  • travelers may bring it back from other countries
  • measles are not common in US but still common in other parts of the world
  • people who visit you from other countries can bring it with them
56
Q

most people who got measles were

A

unvaccinated

57
Q

mild measles complications

A

bacterial: otitis media, pneumonia
viral: pneumonia

58
Q

severe measles complications

A

.1-.3% mortality among small children

  • measles encephalitis (1 in 1000, week 2); 10-20% mortality
  • subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis (SSPE) (1 in 1,000,000 cases, years later, usually fatal
59
Q

important points about measles

A

highly contagious and NOT benign

-preventable by vaccination (safe, effective, no link to autism)

60
Q

is there a link between autism and measles?

A

NO link between autism and measles

infectious disease (7 decks)

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