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infectious disease > 4 pyogenic cocci > Flashcards

4 pyogenic cocci Flashcards

1
Q

pyogenic

A

pus forming

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2
Q

pyogenic cocci

A

streptococcus + staphylococcus

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3
Q

what is pus made of

A

dead neutrophils, bacteria, inflammatory exudate, and tissue debris

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4
Q

why is pus formed

A

battle between neutrophils + bacteria

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5
Q

how is pus formed

A
  • bacterial substances recruit neutrophils
  • bacteria resist pahgocytosis
  • bacteria are NOT killed by neutrophils
  • bacteria instead kill neutrophils, which die and release lysosomal enzymes
  • enzymes damage surrounding tissues
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6
Q

streptococcus mechanism for avoiding phagocytosis

A
  1. M protein is the most important factor

2. Hyaluronic acid capsule

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7
Q

how does strep avoid phagocytosis

A

interferes with opsonization due to complement deposition by causing bacteria to be coated with fibrinogen + fibrin

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8
Q

staphylococcus mechanism for avoiding phagocytosis

A
  1. protein A
  2. cell wall components
  3. leukocidin
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9
Q

how does protein A allow staph to avoid neutrophils

A

protein A binds antibodies using their constant regions

-antibodies are backwards so they don’t bind Fc receptors on phagocytes

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10
Q

streptococcus

A

gram positive coccus

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11
Q

gram positive

A

purple

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12
Q

hemolysis diseases of group A streptococci (aka strep pyogenes)

A

beta hemolytic strep throat + rheumatic fever

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13
Q

hemolysis diseases of viridans streptococci (group like strep mutans, organisms that cause caries)

A

alpha hemolytic caries + endocarditis

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14
Q

hemolysis diseases of streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)

A

alpha hemolytic pneumonia + meningitis+ otitis

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15
Q

which two look similar (group A streptocci, viridans streptococci, streptococcus pneumoniae)?

A

viridans strep + strep pneumoniae look similar because they are both alpha hemolytic

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16
Q

which bacteria have alpha hemolytic colonies

A

strep viridans + strep pneumoniae

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17
Q

alpha hemolysis on blood agar

A

when bacteria surrounds it like a ring or halo

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18
Q

beta hemolytic agar plate

A

area around colony is completely cleared - strep pyogenes

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19
Q

group A streptococci

A

classified into “lancefield groups” based on carbohydrate antigens called Ccarbohydrate beta hemolytic

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20
Q

encounter

A

group A streptococci colonize the skin + mucous membranes

-are sperad by infected droplets from person to person, often asymptomatically

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21
Q

entry

A

the bacteria adhere to epithelial surfaces, e.g. in the thoat; lipoteichoic acid, a constituent of the Gram positive cell surface, is an ADHESIN which makes the organism sticky

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22
Q

spread

A

spreading depends on how the infection was acquired

  • skin + mucous membrane infections usually localized
    e. g. in the throat, infection usually remains localized
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23
Q

wound infections in deeper tissue (e.g. surgical wounds, battle wounds) spread

A

rapidly

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24
Q

streptococci secrete a number of digestive enzymes including proteases, hyaluronidase, and DNAase. during its spread. Describe the pus

A

thin and runny

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25
Q

multiplication

A

M protein + hyaluronic acid capsule help streptococci resist phagocytosis

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26
Q

how do M proteins interfere with multiplication

A

bind host molecules that prevent complement deposition on the bacterial surface. interferes with opsonization

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27
Q

how does hyaluronic acid capsule interfere with multiplication

A

interferes with attachment of phagocytes

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28
Q

Damage

A

damage may be caused by intense inflammatory response

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29
Q

streptococci damage

A

produce many toxins such as streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (Associated with scarlet fever and shock inducing infections)

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30
Q

how do streptococcoal pyrogenic exotoxins SPEs act by?

A

influencing host reponses

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31
Q

diseases

A

strep throat, tonisllitis, scarlet fever, pyoderma

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32
Q

invasive diseases

A

cellulitis, necrotizing fasciiitis

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33
Q

what is flesh eating bacteira

A

necrotizing fasciitis

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34
Q

nonsuppurative sequelae

A

rheumatic fever + glomerulonephritis

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35
Q

scarlet fever

A

strawberry tongue, strep throat with a rash, lasts a couple of weeks, after rash resolves..skin desquamates

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36
Q

pyoderma

A

skin infectio nlike a mosquito bite

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37
Q

suppurative diseases

A

strep throat, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, pyoderma??

38
Q

cellulitis

A

infection of subcutaneous tissue + skin

39
Q

necrotizin fascitis

A

affects deeper in the subcutaneous tissues and fascia

40
Q

what is a nonsuppurative sequelae of strep

A

rheumatic fever

41
Q

acute rheumatic fever

A

only follows strep throat caused by group A streptococci

42
Q

what characterizes acute rheumatic fever

A

carditis, polyarthritis, neurological disorder, rash

43
Q

st. vitus dance

A

neurological disorder during acute rheumatic fever

44
Q

what may be fatal or cause severe damage to the heart valves

A

acute rheumatic fever

45
Q

how can we prevent acute rheumatic fever

A

treat strep throat with penicillin

46
Q

once you have progressed to rheumatic fever after strep

A

you cannot treat it with penicillin anymore

-does not respond to penicillin treatment

47
Q

rheumatic fever is thought to be an autoimmune disease, somehow evoked by infection by

A

group A strep

48
Q

viridans streptococci

A
  • alpha hemolytic
  • not sensitive to P disk
  • 30-60% of the normal oral flora
49
Q

examples of viridans streptococci

A

streptococcus mutans invovled in caries and plaque

  • most common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis
  • causes severe sepsis in immunocompromised patients
50
Q

P disk

A

distinguishes between viridans + strep pneumonia, which are both hemolytic

51
Q

what is sensitive to the P disk

A

strep pneumonia

52
Q

infective endocarditis

A

-infection of the inner surfaces of the heart and valves

53
Q

subacute endocarditis patients

A

mild fever
anorexia
weakness
weigh loss for several weeks durations

54
Q

60% of infections of infective endocarditis are caused by

A

viridans streptococci

55
Q

predisposing factors of infective endocarditis

A
  • usually affects heart valves whose surfaces have already been damaged
  • rheumatic fever
  • congenital heart defects
  • degenerative disease
  • mitral valve prolapse
  • prosthetic heart valves
56
Q

emia

A

presence of something in blood

57
Q

bacteremia

A

presence of bacteria in blood

58
Q

sepsis or septicemia

A

growth of bacteria in blood

59
Q

endocarditis + dentistry

A

bloody dental procedures are associated with transient bacteremia which can lead to endocarditis

60
Q

if a cause of endocarditis is determined, 67% of cases it is a

A

dental procedure

61
Q

prophylactic actibiotics are recommended for

A

at risk patients with endocarditis

62
Q

bacteria related to bacterial endocarditis

A

viridans streptococci

63
Q

how do we treat bacterial endocarditis

A

iv penicillin + gentamicin

64
Q

staphylococci stain

A

purple

65
Q

coagulase

A

enzyme that clots plasma

66
Q

staphylococcus aureus

A

pathogenic

67
Q

staphylococcus epidermidis

A

nonpathogenic

68
Q

staphylococcus aureus

A

colonization common, coagulase positive, bronze colony, positive mannitol

69
Q

staphylococcus epidermidis

A

colonization common, coagulase negative, white colony, negative mannitol

70
Q

encounter of staph

A

s. epidermidis commonly colonizes humans

s. aureus colonizes about 20-30% of people

71
Q

staph colonizes

A

skin, nose, + mucous membranes

72
Q

staph tolerates

A

high salt and can grow in salt concentrations that inhibit growth of other bacteria

73
Q

what can bread down fatty acids found on skin

A

staphyloccoci

74
Q

what can be spread from person to person by HAND contact

A

staphyloccocci

75
Q

staphylococci ENTRY, SPREAD, MULTIPLICATION, DAMAGE

A
  • enters deep tissues via a wound
  • highly vascularized organs, bones, lungs, kidneys are sites of abscesses in hematogenous spread
  • area of inflammation usually remains localized
76
Q

localized diseases caused by staphylococci

A

abscesses (boils)
wound infections
osteomyelitis

77
Q

generalized diseases caused by staphylococci

A

bacteremia with metastatic abscesses + endocarditis

78
Q

toxins that caused staphylococci

A

scalded skin syndrome (exfoliatin)
toxic shock syndrome
gastroenteritis

79
Q

one of the major causes of bacterial infections in the oral cavity

A

staphylococci

80
Q

infected root canals, osteomyelitis of the jaws, facial cellulitis, dentoalveolar abscesses

A

staphylococci

81
Q

virulence factors of staphylococci

A 
1. capsule, cell wall components 
2 protein A
3 leukocidin
4 catalase
5 coagulase
6 toxins
82
Q

protein A as a virulence factor

A

resists phagocytosis

83
Q

leukocidin as a virulence factor

A

resist phagocytosis

84
Q

catalase as a virulence factor

A

reduces killing by neutrophils

85
Q

coagulase as a virulence factor

A

causes plasma to clot

86
Q

toxins as virulence factors

A

scalded skin syndrome- exfoliatin

  • toxic shock syndrome
  • food poisoning enterotoxins
87
Q

two types of organisms

A

streptococci + staphylococci

88
Q

strep + staph

A

colonize people, spread from person to person, produce pyogenic infections bc they have mech that allow them to resist phagocytosis

89
Q

staph

A

localized infections - boils

90
Q

strep

A

spreading infections- cellulitis + necrotizing cellulitis

infectious disease (7 decks)

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