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Public Health > 5- Nosocomial Infections > Flashcards

5- Nosocomial Infections Flashcards

1
Q

The word “nosocomial” used to mean “hospital acquired infections”, but now what does it mean?

A

healthcare ASSOCIATED infections (HAI)

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2
Q

This is a nosocomial infection from the pts body.

A

Endogenous infection

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3
Q

What is a nosocomial infection from sources external to the pt (personnel, equipment, visitors, hospital environment)?

A

Exogenous infection

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4
Q

Who defined an HAI as a localized or systemic condition resulting from an adverse rxn to the presence of an infectious agents or its toxins?

A

CDC

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5
Q

Who was the dude in 1847 who washed his hands when delivering babies, which decreased infections and mortality, and thus became the first standards of infection control?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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6
Q

Who was the dude that used carbolic acid to chemically sterilize surgical equipment and bandages?

A

Joseph Lister

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7
Q

How many nosocomial infections occur per year?

A

1.7 million

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8
Q

How many people die per year from nosocomial infections?

A

99,000

240deaths/day

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9
Q

How much $ does nosocomial infections cost us per year?

A

$30 billion

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10
Q

What is the most common HAI?

A

UTI’s (32%)

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11
Q

What is the most common reason that UTI’s are the most common HAI?

A

Catheters

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12
Q

To reduce the incidence of HAI’s causing UTI’s, what is the recommendation?

A

Shorten the duration of use

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13
Q

What % of HAI’s are surgical site infections (SSI)?

A

22%

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14
Q

What % of HAI are PNA?

A

15%

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15
Q

What % of HAI are bloodstream infections (bacteremia)?

A

14%

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16
Q

Why are SSI, PNA, and bacteremia important HAI’s?

A

They cause the most serious illness and death

17
Q

Which pts are at the highest infection rates?

A

ICU pts

18
Q

What are the 3 most common G+ microbes for HAI?

A

S. aureus
CoNS (inc S. epi)
Enterococci

19
Q

What are the 4 most common G- microbes for HAI?

A

E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacter sp.
Klebsiella pneumoniae

20
Q

This is a G+ spore and toxin former that infect hospitalized pts on antibiotics and pts that are typically > 65 y/o.

A

Clostridium difficile (C diff)

If you’ve never smelled a C. diff pt’s poop, you’re in for a surprise. When I worked in the ICU it wasnt uncommon where I had to clean up pt’s with C. diff and their mucoidal, green, gelatinous poop gave off a very retched, distinctive, gagging smell. It wakes you up!

21
Q

What % of the population are asymptomatic carriers of C diff?

A

3%

22
Q

What are the Sx of C diff infetions after antibiotics kill of normal flora?

A

Diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis

23
Q

What is the estimated annual cost of C diff infections?

A

$3.2 billion

24
Q

What is the essential care of any pt with C diff infections?

A

WASH YOUR HANDS

hand sanitizers dont work!!

25
Q

Which yeast is a major HAI?

A

Candida albicans

26
Q

The consistent use of disinfectants, antiseptics, and antimicrobials causes what change in bacteria to cause more HAI’s?

A

antimicrobial resistance

27
Q

What are the 3 major antibiotic resistant bacteria to cause HAI?

A

VRE, MRSA, and P. aeruginosa

28
Q

TO improve infection control, in addition to better surveillance and reporting and antibiotic control programs, what 2 things can u tell healthcare workers to do to reduce HAI’s?

A

Require vaccinations

hand hygiene

29
Q

What is the most common mode of transmission of pathogens?

A

Hands

30
Q

What are the 2 compoents of handwashing?

A

Soap and water

31
Q

In additon to soap and water, what can u add to the handwash to help fight bugs?

A

Antiseptic agent

32
Q

What 2 things can surgical personnel do to limit HAI before operations?

A

handwashing or…

use an alcohol-based handrub

33
Q

Generally, why are hospitilized pts more vulnerable to infection?

A

immunocompromised/suppressed

34
Q

What is the thing that the CDC esablished in 2005 that reports nosocomial infections from over 3000 US hospitals and organizes data into 4 categories?

A

National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)

35
Q

What are the 4 categories of the NHSN?

A
  1. Patient safety
  2. healthcare presonnel safety
  3. Biovigilance
  4. Research and development
36
Q

True or False: medicare will not pay for the treatment of healthcare associated conditions that could reasonably have been prevented.

A

True

37
Q

What are “condtiions that could reasonably have been prevented?”

A

bedsores, pressure ulcers,
Vascular catheter assocaited infections
Catheter associated UTIs

38
Q

So if medicare doesnt pay for preventable conditions (HAI’s), is the pt responsible for it?

A

No

39
Q

According to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, how much $ was authorized to support states in the prevention and reduction of HAI’s?

A

$50 million

Public Health (14 decks)

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