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yr2 EMS > 5. Neoplasia > Flashcards

5. Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics =

A

What the body does to the drug

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2
Q

Pharmacodynamics =

A

What the drug does to the body

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3
Q

If its germline, what does it mean?

A

Its hereditary

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4
Q

Trastuzumab is used for what? What does it bind to?

A

Monocloncal AB Breast cancer => HER2

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5
Q

Vemurafenib can be given in instances where melanomas have what mutation?

A

BRAF mutation

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6
Q

Serum CA125 is a tumour marker in what?

A

Ovarian Cancer

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7
Q

In terms of connection, how are epithelial cells joined together?

A

Joined Tightly

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8
Q

In terms of connect, how are mesenchymal cells joined together?

A

Loosely connected –> Able to migrate

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9
Q

In cancer, what do epithelial cells gain?

A

Gain mesenchymal properties (i.e. able to migrate)

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10
Q

Cadherins are proteins responsible for what?

A

cell - cell adhesion

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11
Q

Integrin are responsible for what?

A

Cell - matrix adhesion

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12
Q

Interstitial Collagenases // Gelatinases // Stromelysins are all types of what?

A

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP)

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13
Q

What kind of resistance is neoplasms spreading to blood / nerves

A

Least resistant

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14
Q

Is bone resistant to malignant infection?

A

yes

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15
Q

Lymphatics are common routes for ….. to spread via

A

Carcinomas

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16
Q

Haematogenous route is common for … to spread via

A

Sarcomas

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17
Q

What are the common sites for haematogenous spread?

A

Breast // Kidney // Lungs // Prostate // Thyroid

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18
Q

Ovarian Cancer can spread via what type of invasion

A

Transcoleomic

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19
Q

Intracellular tyrosine kinase domains promote what?

A

Cell survival + energy metabolism

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20
Q

What protein is responsible for regulating the G1 –> S phase?

What does it thus inhibit?

A

RB Protein

Inhibits proliferation

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21
Q

How do growth factors affect the RB protein

A

Negative Growth Factors activate the RB protein to stop proliferation

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22
Q

What happens in Cancer cells regarding RB protein

A

RB mutation = Non stop proliferation

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23
Q

Bcl2 + BclXL prevent what

A

apoptosis of cells

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24
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Normal genes that promote cell proliferation

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25
Q

2 examples of proto-oncogenes that have a DOMINANT gene

A

HER2

RAS

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26
Q

p53 // RB Protein // BRCA have what type of gene?

A

Recessive gene

27
Q

Gatekeepers have what effect on proliferation?

What effect do they have on apoptosis

A

negative effect on proliferation

Promote apoptosis

28
Q

Caretakers have what role on genetic stability

A

Maintain it

29
Q

how many genetic alterations are needed to form a neoplastic cell

A

3-6

30
Q

Papillomas + adenomas are both types of what?

A

Benign Epithelial Tumours

31
Q

Adenoma =

A

Glandular / secretory epithelium benign tumour

32
Q

Papilloma =

A

Non-secretory / non glandular epithelium benign tumour

33
Q

Methylchloranthrene is a type of what?

A

Inititator

34
Q

Croton oil is a type of what?

A

Promotor

35
Q

What do initiators do?

A

Chemically modify DNA

36
Q

What do promotors do?

A

Induce proliferation + DNA Replication

37
Q

Inactivation of Tumour suppressor genes occur through what?

What enzyme is involved?

A

Methylation of CpG islands

DNA methyltransferase

38
Q

Procarcinogens require what?

A

Enzymatic activation before reaction with DNA

39
Q

Parthenogenesis =

A

Egg develops without fertilization

==> No paternal genes

40
Q

What is missing in an ovarian teratoma?

A

Skeletal muscle // no membranes

41
Q

Androgenesis =

A

Empty egg with only double paternal material

42
Q

What can form from androgenesis?

A

Hyatidiform Mole

43
Q

What can form from parthenogenesis ?

A

Ovarian Teratoma

44
Q

How is genomic imprinting done?

A

Methylation of CpG islands

45
Q

Deletion of a part of chromosome ….. leads to Angelman syndrome + Prader-Willi Syndrome

A

Chromosome 15

46
Q

Deletion of paternal part of chromosome 15 leads to what?

A

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Paternal Willi

47
Q

Deletion of maternal part of chromosome 15 leads to what?

A

Angelman Syndrome

Happy Mum

48
Q

Deletion of chromosome 15 is found in parents and passed on to kids –> Prader-Willi // Angelman?

A

No

Chromosome 15 deletion = de Novo

49
Q

What is a major growth factor that allows growth of foetus?

A

IGF-2

50
Q

What happens in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome?

A

Overgrowth of baby

No controlled IGF-2

51
Q

What happens in Russel-Silver Syndrome?

A

Lack of growth of baby

Too little IGF-2

52
Q

Lyonization occurs in what cells?

A

Early Blastocyst

53
Q

Huntingtons -

What does it affect (3)

A

Progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting:

Movement
Mood
Cognition

54
Q

What type of inheritance is Huntingtons

A

Autosomal Dominant

55
Q

How many repeats are needed for Huntingtons to become symptomatic

A

> 40 Repeats

56
Q

is anticipation seen in Huntingtons?

A

Yes

57
Q

Landscapers =

A

Control surround stromal environment

58
Q

2 types of HPV causing cancers

A

16 + 18

59
Q

2 types of HPV non causing cancers

A

6 + 11

60
Q

Where is the site of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia?

A

Transformation zone

61
Q

Which cancers have the highest incidence in the UK (4)

A

Bowel // Lung // Breast // Prostate

62
Q

Which cancers have the highest mortality rate? (5)

A

Pancreas // Brain // Lung // Oesophagus // Stomach

63
Q

Anaplasia =

A

Poorly differentiated and highly pleomorphic tumour cells

yr2 EMS (5 decks)

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