5. Neoplasia Flashcards
Pharmacokinetics =
What the body does to the drug
Pharmacodynamics =
What the drug does to the body
If its germline, what does it mean?
Its hereditary
Trastuzumab is used for what? What does it bind to?
Monocloncal AB Breast cancer => HER2
Vemurafenib can be given in instances where melanomas have what mutation?
BRAF mutation
Serum CA125 is a tumour marker in what?
Ovarian Cancer
In terms of connection, how are epithelial cells joined together?
Joined Tightly
In terms of connect, how are mesenchymal cells joined together?
Loosely connected –> Able to migrate
In cancer, what do epithelial cells gain?
Gain mesenchymal properties (i.e. able to migrate)
Cadherins are proteins responsible for what?
cell - cell adhesion
Integrin are responsible for what?
Cell - matrix adhesion
Interstitial Collagenases // Gelatinases // Stromelysins are all types of what?
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP)
What kind of resistance is neoplasms spreading to blood / nerves
Least resistant
Is bone resistant to malignant infection?
yes
Lymphatics are common routes for ….. to spread via
Carcinomas
Haematogenous route is common for … to spread via
Sarcomas
What are the common sites for haematogenous spread?
Breast // Kidney // Lungs // Prostate // Thyroid
Ovarian Cancer can spread via what type of invasion
Transcoleomic
Intracellular tyrosine kinase domains promote what?
Cell survival + energy metabolism
What protein is responsible for regulating the G1 –> S phase?
What does it thus inhibit?
RB Protein
Inhibits proliferation
How do growth factors affect the RB protein
Negative Growth Factors activate the RB protein to stop proliferation
What happens in Cancer cells regarding RB protein
RB mutation = Non stop proliferation
Bcl2 + BclXL prevent what
apoptosis of cells
Proto-oncogenes
Normal genes that promote cell proliferation
2 examples of proto-oncogenes that have a DOMINANT gene
HER2
RAS
p53 // RB Protein // BRCA have what type of gene?
Recessive gene
Gatekeepers have what effect on proliferation?
What effect do they have on apoptosis
negative effect on proliferation
Promote apoptosis
Caretakers have what role on genetic stability
Maintain it
how many genetic alterations are needed to form a neoplastic cell
3-6
Papillomas + adenomas are both types of what?
Benign Epithelial Tumours
Adenoma =
Glandular / secretory epithelium benign tumour
Papilloma =
Non-secretory / non glandular epithelium benign tumour
Methylchloranthrene is a type of what?
Inititator
Croton oil is a type of what?
Promotor
What do initiators do?
Chemically modify DNA
What do promotors do?
Induce proliferation + DNA Replication
Inactivation of Tumour suppressor genes occur through what?
What enzyme is involved?
Methylation of CpG islands
DNA methyltransferase
Procarcinogens require what?
Enzymatic activation before reaction with DNA
Parthenogenesis =
Egg develops without fertilization
==> No paternal genes
What is missing in an ovarian teratoma?
Skeletal muscle // no membranes
Androgenesis =
Empty egg with only double paternal material
What can form from androgenesis?
Hyatidiform Mole
What can form from parthenogenesis ?
Ovarian Teratoma
How is genomic imprinting done?
Methylation of CpG islands
Deletion of a part of chromosome ….. leads to Angelman syndrome + Prader-Willi Syndrome
Chromosome 15
Deletion of paternal part of chromosome 15 leads to what?
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Paternal Willi
Deletion of maternal part of chromosome 15 leads to what?
Angelman Syndrome
Happy Mum
Deletion of chromosome 15 is found in parents and passed on to kids –> Prader-Willi // Angelman?
No
Chromosome 15 deletion = de Novo
What is a major growth factor that allows growth of foetus?
IGF-2
What happens in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome?
Overgrowth of baby
No controlled IGF-2
What happens in Russel-Silver Syndrome?
Lack of growth of baby
Too little IGF-2
Lyonization occurs in what cells?
Early Blastocyst
Huntingtons -
What does it affect (3)
Progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting:
Movement
Mood
Cognition
What type of inheritance is Huntingtons
Autosomal Dominant
How many repeats are needed for Huntingtons to become symptomatic
> 40 Repeats
is anticipation seen in Huntingtons?
Yes
Landscapers =
Control surround stromal environment
2 types of HPV causing cancers
16 + 18
2 types of HPV non causing cancers
6 + 11
Where is the site of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia?
Transformation zone
Which cancers have the highest incidence in the UK (4)
Bowel // Lung // Breast // Prostate
Which cancers have the highest mortality rate? (5)
Pancreas // Brain // Lung // Oesophagus // Stomach
Anaplasia =
Poorly differentiated and highly pleomorphic tumour cells
