2. Genetic + Environmental Disease

Question 1

What is an atheroma

Answer 1

lesion that protrudes into vessel wall

Question 2

an arterial thrombus is mainly what

Answer 2

platelets

Question 3

what is given for arterial thrombus

Answer 3

Anti-platelets

Clopidogrel

Question 4

Venous thrombus is mainly what

Answer 4

fibrin

Question 5

what is given for venous thrombus

Answer 5

anti-coagulants

Heparin/warfarin

Question 6

Is a clot attched to vessel wall?

Answer 6

no

Question 7

In ischaemia what is impaired

Answer 7

oxygen + metabolites impaired

Question 8

What type of blood supply is resistant to infarction

Answer 8

dual blood supply

Question 9

How long does the brain have

Answer 9

3-4 minutes

Question 10

Coagulative necrosis occurs why

Answer 10

enzymes cant break down cell structure

Question 11

liquefactive necrosis is generally seen where

Answer 11

brains

Question 12

red infarctions occurs where

Answer 12

dual bloody supply

–> Lungs / Testis / Ovary / Small Intestine

Question 13

white infarction occurs where

Answer 13

single blood supply

-> Heart / Kidney / Spleen

Question 14

reperfusion injury occurs why

Answer 14

generation of ROS and activation of complement

Question 15

shock is always caused by what

Answer 15

mean arterial pressure reduction

Question 16

what type of infarction can occur without acute coronary occlusion

Answer 16

subendocardial MI

Question 17

what 5 blood marks are found post MI

Answer 17

Troponins
LDH
Creatine Kinase MB
Myoglobin
Aspartate Transaminase

Question 18

Treatment of MI (4)

Answer 18

M
O
N
A

Morphine Oxygen Nitrates Aspirin

Question 19

Labile Cell populations have what type of turn over rate?

Where can they be found?

Answer 19

High

Epithelia

Question 20

Stable Quiescent Cell populations have what type of turn over rate?

Where can they be found (2)

Answer 20

Low but can be increased

Liver / Renal Tubules

Question 21

Permanent cell populations can be found where (2)?

Answer 21

Neurons // Striated muscle cells

Question 22

What prevents cells from growing over eachother in healing and in normal processes?

Answer 22

Contact Inhibition

Question 23

1st Intention Healing leads to what?

Answer 23

Full healing

Question 24

2nd Intention Healing leads to what

Answer 24

Extensive scarring

Question 25

During fracture healing, what is formed first which is organised?

What is formed after this?

Answer 25

Haematoma

Callus formation

Question 26

Callus formation is placed down by what? What type of organisation is this new bone?

Answer 26

Osteoblasts

Wooven Disorganised bone

Question 27

What replaces callus bone?

Answer 27

Lamellar bone

Question 28

What is the most common type of necrosis

Answer 28

Coagulative

Question 29

Liquefactive necrosis typically occurs because of (2)?

Answer 29

Bacterial / Fungal

Question 30

The main cause of caseous necrosis is what?

Answer 30

TB

Question 31

Fibrinoid necrosis is generally caused by what?

Answer 31

Autoimmune diseases

Question 32

gangrene is necrosis with …. of the tissues

Answer 32

putrefaction

Question 33

45, XX, -18 chromosome

Answer 33

Monosomy

Question 34

common genetic variant (1% or more)

Answer 34

Polymorphisms

Question 35

aneuploidy examples (2)

Answer 35

Klinefelter // Turner

Question 36

earliest lesion in atherosclerosis

Answer 36

Fatty streak

Question 37

type of translocation in which two acrocentric chromosomes are fused

Answer 37

Robertsonian

Question 38

RH HF due to lung disease

Answer 38

Cor Pulmonae

Question 39

What is found as a splice site at the 5’ boundary of tall but the first exon in a gene

Answer 39

Acceptor

Question 40

type of mutation that leads to amino acid substitution

Answer 40

Missense

Question 41

Achondroplasia is a mutation of what

Answer 41

380 of fibroblast GF receptor 3 (FGFR3)