5: LTM Flashcards
What are the types of LTM tasks?
free recall
serial recall
cued recall
recognition test
what is a free recall test?
recall study list in any order
retrieval cues are self generated
what is a serial recall test?
recall study list in sequential order
retrieval cues are tied to positional cues
what are the effects in a serial recall test?
primacy effect: words at the start are better recalled bc they have more time to be rehearsed
recency effect: words at the end are better recalled. less retroactive interference and less decay
- will be affected by decay if there is a delay between study and recall
what is a cued recall test?
paired words, one word is used as a cue to recall another word
what is a recognition test?
tested if a word was seen on a studied list (decide if the item is old or new)
what are the types of LTM?
explicit, declarative memory
implicit, non declarative memory
What are explicit memories? What are the types of explicit memories?
facts, events, memories that can be verbalised
- semantic memory: abstract meaning, factual knowledge, ideas
- episodic memory: memory for specific events
What are implicit memories? what are the types of implicit memories?
not knowing that you have a memory of something, recall is not conscious
- procedural: skills, habits
- conditioning
what is a direct memory test?
tests of a specific event - tests explicit, declarative memory
what is an indirect memory test?
a test that does not explicitly ask about past events but is influenced by memory of past events - tests implicit, non-declarative memory
what are the types of LTM?
explicit, declarative memory
implicit, non declarative memory
What types of LTM amnesia are there?
retrograde amnesia: forgetting previously formed memories
anterograde amnesia: not being able to form new memories
what are the ways to transfer info from STM to LTM?
control processes: strategies used to facilitate acquisition of knowledge, effort needed to remember
automatic processes: mental processes that require very little effort
what are the types of control learning?
rehearsal
coding - making sth easier to remember
imagery
repeated studying
retrieval practice
elaboration
what are the types of automatic learning?
implicit learning - no conscious effort to learn
conditioning
How can judgements of learning be inaccurate?
an inflated estimate of ability to recall shortly after learning
estimates are more accurate after a delay
why are judgements of learning inaccurate?
stability bias: tend to think memory is stable over time, doesnt take forgetting into account
retrieval fluency: less interference in short period of time -> easier for info to come to mind
Given more or less time, do people focus on easier or difficult items?
ample time -> focus on difficult items
little time -> focus on easier items
What is a hypercorrection effect?
LTM improved when confidently guess sth but find out it is incorrect and is surprised by the answer
What is the retrieval effect?
taking practice tests improves LTM more than repeated studying
what is the spacing effect?
recall is better when information is spread apart than concentrated in time
what is tip of the tongue phenomena?
when u know sth is stored in ur LTM but is momentarily blocked from retrieving it
- partial info helps to limit the search of LTM
