5: LTM

Question 1

What are the types of LTM tasks?

Answer 1

free recall
serial recall
cued recall
recognition test

Question 2

what is a free recall test?

Answer 2

recall study list in any order
retrieval cues are self generated

Question 3

what is a serial recall test?

Answer 3

recall study list in sequential order
retrieval cues are tied to positional cues

Question 4

what are the effects in a serial recall test?

Answer 4

primacy effect: words at the start are better recalled bc they have more time to be rehearsed
recency effect: words at the end are better recalled. less retroactive interference and less decay
- will be affected by decay if there is a delay between study and recall

Question 5

what is a cued recall test?

Answer 5

paired words, one word is used as a cue to recall another word

Question 6

what is a recognition test?

Answer 6

tested if a word was seen on a studied list (decide if the item is old or new)

Question 7

what are the types of LTM?

Answer 7

explicit, declarative memory
implicit, non declarative memory

Question 8

What are explicit memories? What are the types of explicit memories?

Answer 8

facts, events, memories that can be verbalised
- semantic memory: abstract meaning, factual knowledge, ideas
- episodic memory: memory for specific events

Question 9

What are implicit memories? what are the types of implicit memories?

Answer 9

not knowing that you have a memory of something, recall is not conscious
- procedural: skills, habits
- conditioning

Question 10

what is a direct memory test?

Answer 10

tests of a specific event - tests explicit, declarative memory

Question 11

what is an indirect memory test?

Answer 11

a test that does not explicitly ask about past events but is influenced by memory of past events - tests implicit, non-declarative memory

Question 12

what are the types of LTM?

Answer 12

explicit, declarative memory
implicit, non declarative memory

Question 13

What types of LTM amnesia are there?

Answer 13

retrograde amnesia: forgetting previously formed memories
anterograde amnesia: not being able to form new memories

Question 14

what are the ways to transfer info from STM to LTM?

Answer 14

control processes: strategies used to facilitate acquisition of knowledge, effort needed to remember
automatic processes: mental processes that require very little effort

Question 15

what are the types of control learning?

Answer 15

rehearsal
coding - making sth easier to remember
imagery
repeated studying
retrieval practice
elaboration

Question 16

what are the types of automatic learning?

Answer 16

implicit learning - no conscious effort to learn
conditioning

Question 17

How can judgements of learning be inaccurate?

Answer 17

an inflated estimate of ability to recall shortly after learning
estimates are more accurate after a delay

Question 18

why are judgements of learning inaccurate?

Answer 18

stability bias: tend to think memory is stable over time, doesnt take forgetting into account
retrieval fluency: less interference in short period of time -> easier for info to come to mind

Question 19

Given more or less time, do people focus on easier or difficult items?

Answer 19

ample time -> focus on difficult items
little time -> focus on easier items

Question 20

What is a hypercorrection effect?

Answer 20

LTM improved when confidently guess sth but find out it is incorrect and is surprised by the answer

Question 21

What is the retrieval effect?

Answer 21

taking practice tests improves LTM more than repeated studying

Question 22

what is the spacing effect?

Answer 22

recall is better when information is spread apart than concentrated in time

Question 23

what is tip of the tongue phenomena?

Answer 23

when u know sth is stored in ur LTM but is momentarily blocked from retrieving it
- partial info helps to limit the search of LTM