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Biochem 2 > 5. Intermedier metabolism of kidney and red blood cell > Flashcards

5. Intermedier metabolism of kidney and red blood cell Flashcards

1
Q

2 Glucose transporters on the kidney

A

SGLT2:
Low affinity
High transport capacity

SGLT1:
High affinity
Low transport capacity

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2
Q

Comparison of SGLT1 and SGLT2: Na+–Glucose (Galactose) Symport
-> Characteristics of SGLT1

A
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3
Q

Comparison of SGLT1 and SGLT2: Na+–Glucose (Galactose) Symport
-> Characteristics of SGLT2

A
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4
Q

The treatment of cholera and other dehydrating diarrheal diseases was revolutionized by the promotion of____ (which drug?)

A

oral rehydration solution (ORS)

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5
Q

The treatment of cholera and other dehydrating diarrheal diseases was revolutionized by the promotion of oral rehydration solution (ORS)
-> Why is it efficient?

A

the efficacy of which depends on the fact that glucose-facilitated
absorption of sodium and water in the small intestine remains
intact in the presence of cholera toxin.

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6
Q

What happen in liver during Short term fasting (glucagon effect)?

A

gluconeogenesis start

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7
Q

What happen in kidney during Short term fasting (glucagon effect)?

A

no gluconeogenesis

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8
Q

What happen in liver during Long term fasting (adrenaline, corticosteroids)?

A

intensive gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

What happen in kidney during Long term fasting (adrenaline, corticosteroids)?

A

intensive gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

What happen in liver if there is a High level of ketone bodies (metabolic acidosis)?

A

reduced gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

What happen in kidney if there is a High level of ketone bodies (metabolic acidosis)?

A

intensive gluconeogenesis

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12
Q

What are the 2 Most important precursors in liver?

A

lactate, alanine

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13
Q

What are the 2 Most important precursors in KIDNEY?

A

lactate, glutamine

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14
Q

How does Ammonia transport in the form of glutamine?

A
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15
Q

Glutamine synthetase localized in ___

A

the pericentral zone

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16
Q

Glutamine synthetase localized in the pericentral zone
-> What happen in periportal zone?

A

Ammonia uptake Ammonia release
Urea production
by ornithine/urea cycle

17
Q

What happen in pericentral zone?

A

Detoxification of ammonia by glutamine synthetase

18
Q

What is Pathway of renal glutamine catabolism during chronic acidosis.?

A
19
Q

What is the Role of glutamin in proliferating cells?

A

The rates of utilization of both glucose and glutamine are high in rapidly dividing cells (enterocytes, lymphocytes, tumor cells)

20
Q

Role of glutamin in proliferating cells
-> Glutaminolysis in proliferating cells?

A
21
Q

Role of glutamin in proliferating cells
-> The biosynthetic origins of purine ring atoms

A
22
Q

Role of glutamin in proliferating cells
-> The biosynthetic origins of pyrimidine ring atoms

A
23
Q

What is the role of Kidney lipid metabolism?

A

energy sources of the cortex, the sources of fatty acid

24
Q

Which organ plays
a major role in carnitine metabolism (excretion, reabsorption)?

A

Kidney

25
Q

Intermedier metabolism of erythrocytes
-> What is the glucose entry?

A

Transporters in erythrocytes:
- Glut1 transporter (Harper 30th ed. p691)
- sodium-potassium ATPase (Harper 30th ed. p490-491)

26
Q

Intermedier metabolism of erythrocytes
-> Characteristics of Passive transport in?

A
  1. high rates of diffusion down a concentration gradient
  2. saturability
  3. stereospecificity
27
Q

How does Red blood cell metabolism occur?

A

Via anaerobic glycolysis and shunts

28
Q

How does pentose phosphate pathway occur in red blood cell metabolism?

A
29
Q

What is the Role of NADPH and glutathione?

A

protecting cells against highly reactive oxygen derivatives

30
Q

What is the Role of NADPH and glutathione?

A

protecting cells against highly reactive oxygen derivatives

31
Q

What are 3 nucleotide salvage reactions?

A
32
Q

Where does ribose-5-phosphate come from?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

33
Q

What is methemoglobinemia?

A

a blood disorder in which an abnormal amount of methemoglobin is produced

34
Q

What is Acquired methemoglobinemia?

A

exposure to oxidizing substances or drugs, including nitrates, free radicals

35
Q

What is Congenital methemoglobinemia?

A

congenital deficiency of the NADH- dependent cytochrome b5 reductase (methemoglobin reductase)
(rare)

36
Q

The 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate pathway in erythrocytes

A
37
Q

The 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate pathway in erythrocytes

A
38
Q

What is the Effect of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate on oxygen binding to hemoglobin

A

An increase in BPG concentration, decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

39
Q

How does blood transfusion occur?

A

The 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) levels decline rapidly over the first week of blood storage, falling to undetectable levels by the end of week 2.

Because of the loss of 2,3-BPG, stored RBC release O2 to the tissues less readily than normal cells.

After transfusion, however, 2,3-BPG is rapidly resynthesised (hours, days to 95%)

Biochem 2 (38 decks)

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