5. Intermedier metabolism of kidney and red blood cell

Question 1

2 Glucose transporters on the kidney

Answer 1

SGLT2:
Low affinity
High transport capacity

SGLT1:
High affinity
Low transport capacity

Question 2

Comparison of SGLT1 and SGLT2: Na+–Glucose (Galactose) Symport
-> Characteristics of SGLT1

Answer 2

Question 3

Comparison of SGLT1 and SGLT2: Na+–Glucose (Galactose) Symport
-> Characteristics of SGLT2

Answer 3

Question 4

The treatment of cholera and other dehydrating diarrheal diseases was revolutionized by the promotion of____ (which drug?)

Answer 4

oral rehydration solution (ORS)

Question 5

The treatment of cholera and other dehydrating diarrheal diseases was revolutionized by the promotion of oral rehydration solution (ORS)
-> Why is it efficient?

Answer 5

the efficacy of which depends on the fact that glucose-facilitated
absorption of sodium and water in the small intestine remains
intact in the presence of cholera toxin.

Question 6

What happen in liver during Short term fasting (glucagon effect)?

Answer 6

gluconeogenesis start

Question 7

What happen in kidney during Short term fasting (glucagon effect)?

Answer 7

no gluconeogenesis

Question 8

What happen in liver during Long term fasting (adrenaline, corticosteroids)?

Answer 8

intensive gluconeogenesis

Question 9

What happen in kidney during Long term fasting (adrenaline, corticosteroids)?

Answer 9

intensive gluconeogenesis

Question 10

What happen in liver if there is a High level of ketone bodies (metabolic acidosis)?

Answer 10

reduced gluconeogenesis

Question 11

What happen in kidney if there is a High level of ketone bodies (metabolic acidosis)?

Answer 11

intensive gluconeogenesis

Question 12

What are the 2 Most important precursors in liver?

Answer 12

lactate, alanine

Question 13

What are the 2 Most important precursors in KIDNEY?

Answer 13

lactate, glutamine

Question 14

How does Ammonia transport in the form of glutamine?

Answer 14

Question 15

Glutamine synthetase localized in ___

Answer 15

the pericentral zone

Question 16

Glutamine synthetase localized in the pericentral zone
-> What happen in periportal zone?

Answer 16

Ammonia uptake Ammonia release
Urea production
by ornithine/urea cycle

Question 17

What happen in pericentral zone?

Answer 17

Detoxification of ammonia by glutamine synthetase

Question 18

What is Pathway of renal glutamine catabolism during chronic acidosis.?

Answer 18

Question 19

What is the Role of glutamin in proliferating cells?

Answer 19

The rates of utilization of both glucose and glutamine are high in rapidly dividing cells (enterocytes, lymphocytes, tumor cells)

Question 20

Role of glutamin in proliferating cells
-> Glutaminolysis in proliferating cells?

Answer 20

Question 21

Role of glutamin in proliferating cells
-> The biosynthetic origins of purine ring atoms

Answer 21

Question 22

Role of glutamin in proliferating cells
-> The biosynthetic origins of pyrimidine ring atoms

Answer 22

Question 23

What is the role of Kidney lipid metabolism?

Answer 23

energy sources of the cortex, the sources of fatty acid

Question 24

Which organ plays
a major role in carnitine metabolism (excretion, reabsorption)?

Answer 24

Kidney

Question 25

Intermedier metabolism of erythrocytes -> What is the glucose entry?

Answer 25

Transporters in erythrocytes: - Glut1 transporter (Harper 30th ed. p691) - sodium-potassium ATPase (Harper 30th ed. p490-491)

Question 26

Intermedier metabolism of erythrocytes -> Characteristics of Passive transport in?

Answer 26

1. high rates of diffusion down a concentration gradient 2. saturability 3. stereospecificity

Question 27

How does Red blood cell metabolism occur?

Answer 27

Via anaerobic glycolysis and shunts

Question 28

How does pentose phosphate pathway occur in red blood cell metabolism?

Answer 28

Question 29

What is the Role of NADPH and glutathione?

Answer 29

protecting cells against highly reactive oxygen derivatives

Question 30

What is the Role of NADPH and glutathione?

Answer 30

protecting cells against highly reactive oxygen derivatives

Question 31

What are 3 nucleotide salvage reactions?

Answer 31

Question 32

Where does ribose-5-phosphate come from?

Answer 32

Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 33

What is methemoglobinemia?

Answer 33

a blood disorder in which an abnormal amount of methemoglobin is produced

Question 34

What is Acquired methemoglobinemia?

Answer 34

exposure to oxidizing substances or drugs, including nitrates, free radicals

Question 35

What is Congenital methemoglobinemia?

Answer 35

congenital deficiency of the NADH- dependent cytochrome b5 reductase (methemoglobin reductase) (rare)

Question 36

The 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate pathway in erythrocytes

Answer 36

Question 37

The 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate pathway in erythrocytes

Answer 37

Question 38

What is the Effect of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate on oxygen binding to hemoglobin

Answer 38

An increase in BPG concentration, decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

Question 39

How does blood transfusion occur?

Answer 39

The 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) levels decline rapidly over the first week of blood storage, falling to undetectable levels by the end of week 2. Because of the loss of 2,3-BPG, stored RBC release O2 to the tissues less readily than normal cells. After transfusion, however, 2,3-BPG is rapidly resynthesised (hours, days to 95%)