5. Growth of opposition

Question 1

Emergence of new ideas + opposition

Answer 1

• Judical reforms = professionally trained lawyers, skilled in art of persuasiom.
• zemstav’s creation provided platform for intullectuals to challenge Tsar policies.
• initial relax in censorship encouraged spread of radical lit and increase in education.
• hope + disapointment of Alex II reforms stimulated opposition.

Question 2

Moderate liberal position

Westerners

Answer 2

wanted adoption of west’s values, military and economic style.
favoured representative assembly, less church power, expressed views through Zemstva - dissappeared by Alex III power reduction of it.

Question 3

Moderate liberal position

Slavophiles

Answer 3

• Preserve Russian culture + heritage as Russia modernised.
• Retained pesant based society.
• Preserve Orthodox church principles.
• Influence heavily decreased in 1890s.

Question 4

Moderate liberal position

Famine 1891-2

Answer 4

caused significant growth of opposition - gov failed to provide aqequate relief.

Question 4

Moderate liberal position

Wealthy

Answer 4

Had time to consider political maters - many travelled abroad so witnessed Russia’s political stagnation.

Question 5

Radical opposition - thinkers

Nikolai Chernyshevsky

Answer 5

• Author
• writings suggested peasants should be leaders of revolutionary change.

Question 6

Radical opposition - thinkers

Mikhail Bakunen

Answer 6

• anarchist + socialist
• proposed private ownership of land should be replaced by collective ownership + income based on wages earned.

Question 7

Radical opposition - thinkers

Alexander Herzen

Answer 7

• editor of illegal radical journal - ‘The Bell’
• advocated for new peasant-based social structure.

Question 8

Radical opposition

Tchaikovsky Circle

Answer 8

• Named after Nikolai.
• Set up 1868-9, st. Petersberg.
• organised priniting, publishing, and distributing scientific + rev lit.
• organised workers to work amoungst peasants.

Question 9

Radical opposition

Narodrinks (popularists)

Answer 9

• idea of ‘going with the people’.
• 1874 - Pyotr Lavroy encouraged 2000 young men to travel to countryside to exploit peasant discontent + pursuade them that future depended on peasant commune = ignorant, stubborn + Tsar loyalty.
• reported 1000 arrested + 2nd attempt failed - show trials held 1877-78.

Question 10

Radical opposition

Land and liberty, when was it set up and what did they do?

Answer 10

• 1877
• members sought to work in peasant commune but more descreetly.
• some carried out political assisinations (head of 3rd section).
• Gained public sympathy.
• sometimes went to zemstva about constitutional reform.

Question 11

Radical opposition

Peoples Will

Answer 11

• bigger group
• advocated violent mothods
• responsible for Alex II.

Question 12

Tsar reaction + radical opp. 1881

What did Georgi Plekanov do in 1883?

Answer 12

established emancipation of Labour groups which translated and arranged Marxists tracks to be smuggled.
suggested revs should concentrate activities amoung city workers as proletariat would drive rev.
belived need to cooperate to defeat bourgerious + destroy autocracy.

Question 13

Tsar reaction + radical opp. 1881

What did the growth of industrialisation do in 1890’s?

Answer 13

Led to dev. of workers organisations, illegal trade unions, Marxist discussion circles and othe rgroups spread these ideas quickly.

Question 14

Tsar reaction + radical opp. 1881

Role of underground societies

Answer 14

continued to translate and reproduce writings for foreign socialists

Question 15

Tsar reaction + radical opp. 1881

Group in march 1887 did what?

Answer 15

made bombs and tried to assisinate Alex III.
arrested 5 members, hanged Lenins brother.

Question 16

Tsar reaction + radical opp. 1881

Role of students

Answer 16

1886 - group tried to reform peoples will.