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RT L1 > 5: Film Handling > Flashcards

5: Film Handling Flashcards

1
Q

The activity of the developer solution is maintained stable by doing what?

A

Adding the replenisher

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2
Q

How can water spots on films be minimized?

A

Immersing wet film for one or two minutes in a wetting agent solution.

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3
Q

The film flaw that results from incorrect or unsuitable darkroom safe-lighting is what?

A

Overall grey fogging

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4
Q

What does the developer convert?

A

Silver ions into silver metal

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5
Q

How must walls be painted in a darkroom?

A

With lightly coloured semi gloss paint

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6
Q

What is of utmost important in a mobile darkroom?

A

Cleanliness and organization

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7
Q

What’s the industry rule of thumb for how long film should be in the fixer?

A

2x as long as developer

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8
Q

Eventual browning of film can be caused by which process of development?

A

Improper fixer

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9
Q

What is the correct order of manual development? (6)

A
  1. Developer
  2. Stop bath
  3. Fixer
  4. Wash/rinse
  5. Wetting agent
  6. Dryer
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10
Q

Temperature should not decrease below ___ in the developer.

A

60 degrees F

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11
Q

What colour is fresh stop bath solution?

A

Yellow, but clear under safe light

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12
Q

What are the 2 purposes for the fixer bath?

A
  1. Dissolves/removes silver bromide from undeveloped portions of film
  2. Hardens emulsion gelatin
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13
Q

With proper care, how long can fixer solution last?

A

Up to 3 months

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14
Q

Washing should take how long as fixer?

A

2x time it took to “fix”

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15
Q

What may be used to speed up film washing?

A

Hypo clearing agent

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16
Q

What artifact can occur due to rollers in an automatic processing until?

A

PI Lines, 3.14x diameter of roller - chemical deposits

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17
Q

In the Time-Distance Relation, mA is directly proportional to what?

A

Square of focal film distance

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18
Q

If you double your distance, time will increase by what?

A

Factor of 4

Therefor if you increase by 1, time will increase by 2…

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19
Q

SFD rule of thumb:

A

Not less than 8x the thickness of test object

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20
Q

What may be required for mobile darkrooms to prevent a build up of residues or increased processing times?

A

Water conditions and hardening agents

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21
Q

Prior to “fog tests,” how long should lights be warmed up for?

A

10 minutes

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22
Q

Properly processed radiographs should have an archival quality life of how long?

A

20-50 years

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23
Q

Why is proper temperature control needed in the developer?

A

To convert exposed grains to pure silver while keeping unexposed grains as silver halide crystals

24
Q

What type of solution if the developer?

A

Alkaline

25
Q

What are often around the outside of tanks to maintain temp in manual systems?

A

Immersion heaters (chill-chasers) or heating elements (coils)

26
Q

What does a replenished do to the developer?

A

Maintains activity stability of developer solution

27
Q

When testing the developer with test film, what is a good indication that it’s time to dispose?

A

When test exposures have a lesser density compared to the original/standard films

28
Q

What is the purpose of agitating the developer?

A

To secure uniform development over whole film area

5-10 seconds for every minute of development

29
Q

What is the recommended spacing between each rack processing?

A

25 mm

30
Q

What is the purpose of the stop bath?

A

To deactivate developer remaining in emulsion (acidic stop bath)

31
Q

Per litre of water, how much glacial acetic acid (household vinegar is a common alternative) should be added to stop bath?

A

25 mL (generally)

32
Q

What are the 2 purposes of the fixer?

A
  1. Remove all undeveloped silver salt from emulsion

2. Harden film gelatin so film will withstand subsequent drying w/ warm air

33
Q

What is the “clearing time”?

A

The interval between fixer solution and disappearance of “milkiness”

(Fixing/dissolving undissolved crystals)

34
Q

Total fixing time should be how much longer than clearing time?

A

Approximately 2-3x

35
Q

If clearing time starts to exceed _____ min of original, it’s likely time to change bath.

A

10-12 min

36
Q

In general, washing of films should be at a minimum of ________.

A

20 min

37
Q

Temperature of washing should be between how much?

A

18-21 degrees Celsius

NOT below 15, or above 25

38
Q

What is a wetting agent used for?

A

Decrease drying time and possibility of water marks

39
Q

What is a common industrial and house hold option for a wetting agent?

A

Industrial: photo flow
Household: jet dry and regular dish soap

40
Q

For mobile darkrooms, approx ______ of wetting agent per 40 litres of water.

A

100 mL

41
Q

What is the UTMOST importance regarding the drying stage?

A

Films should only stay there until dry

42
Q

Circulating air in the dryer should be between what temps?

A

28-48 degrees Celsius

43
Q

What step is eliminated in the automatic processing step?

A

Stop bath

44
Q

What is dichroic fog?

A

A chemical fog on surface of film causing discolouration when viewed by reflected light.

(Usually a result of exhausted solutions)

45
Q

Puckered/net-like linkages are caused by what?

A

Reticulation

46
Q

Why do blisters occur?

A

A reaction between the alkaline developed and acid fixing bath

47
Q

What are the 3 main steps to processing radiographic film?

A
  1. Developing
  2. Fixing
  3. Washing
48
Q

Film artifacts, such as crimps and static marks, can occur at any time but are almost always a result of what?

A

Poor handling techniques

49
Q

The time it takes for the unexposed silver halide grains to be removed from the film in the fix bath is referred to as the what?

A

Clearing time

50
Q

In general, the purpose of agitating the film during development is to what?

A

Renew the developer on the film surface

51
Q

Film and film processing chemical manufacturers recommend a standard time and temperature for manually processing radiographic film. What are they?

A

5 min @ 68 degrees F

52
Q

Water spots on films can be minimized by what?

A

Immersing wet film for 1-2 minutes in a wetting agent solution.

53
Q

In order to achieve uniformity of development over the area of X-ray film during manual processing:

A

The film should be agitated while in the developer

54
Q

A significance difference between manual and automatic film processing is that..

A

No stop bath is used after development in automatic system

55
Q

The film flaw that results from incorrect or unsuitable darkroom safe lighting is what?

A

Overall grey fogging

RT L1 (10 decks)

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