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RT L1 > 2: Working With ☣️ > Flashcards

2: Working With ☣️ Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main difference between light and X-rays?

A

Energy

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2
Q

The most significant difference between alpha particle radiation and gamma radiation is that alpha particle have…

A

Mass

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3
Q

If radiation has sufficient energy to remove an electron from a neutral atom it is called ________ radiation.

A

Ionizing

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4
Q

Isotopes of an element do not have the same what?

A

Mass number

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5
Q

When charged particles give up part of their kinetic energy (or occasionally all) in the form of electromagnetic radiation, it is called…

A

Bremsstrahlung

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6
Q

The minimum energy of an incoming photon required for pair production is how many MeV?

A

1.02 MeV

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7
Q

The function of a photomultiplier tube is to convert _______ into _______.

A

Light into electrical pulses

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8
Q

What is the governing body that regulates the use of industrial X-ray equipment in Canada?

A

Health Canada

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9
Q

An X-ray tube can’t have more than how many mV flowing through it?

A

500

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10
Q

Where is the focal spot of the X-ray tube located?

A

Anode

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11
Q

What is the reason for keeping the focal spot of an X-ray tube small?

A

To increase image sharpness

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12
Q

The filament of the common “hot cathode” style X-ray tube is most often made of?

A

Tungsten

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13
Q

To overcome the repulsion between electrons, electrons are steered towards a common point on the target by means of a…

A

Focusing cup

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14
Q

The projected area of the target of an X-ray tube is called what?

A

Effective focal spot

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15
Q

The primary form of energy conversion when electrons strike a target in an X-ray tube results in the production of what?

A

Heat

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16
Q

A shorter wavelength does what to the penetrating power?

A

More penetration = more energy = shorter wavelength

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17
Q

Energy is directly proportional to what?

A

Frequency

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18
Q

Energy is indirectly proportional to what?

A

Wavelength

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19
Q

Ionizing does what to neutral atoms?

A

Causes them to lose electrons from their orbitals making them positively charged

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20
Q

Ionizing energy is the minimum energy required to do what?

A

Remove an electron from its shell

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21
Q

Which process of attenuation/ionization will repeat itself several times until the energy is low enough?

A

Compton scattering

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22
Q

What energy is required for pair production?

A

At or above 1.02 MeV

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23
Q

Which attenuation/ionization transducers it’s totally energy in the process?

A

Photoelectric process

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24
Q

A linear attenuations decrease is proportional to what?

A

The original intensity

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25
Q

How do you calculate the Roentgen Equivalence Man (REM)?

A

RAD x RBE

Radiation absorbed dose x radiation biological effects

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26
Q

Who are the scientists of radiography?

A

ICRP (international commission of radiation protection)

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27
Q

What does the ICRP recommend?

A

Dose limits and regulations… then CGSB will adopt them

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28
Q

How do you describe predicable effects?

A

Stochastic

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29
Q

Which survey meter uses a high voltage?

A

Geiger Muller

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30
Q

What does a TLD contain?

A

Thermoluminescent chips

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31
Q

What does an OSL contain?

A

Aluminum energy

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32
Q

What type of inert gas does a Geiger Muller contain?

A

Usually argon

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33
Q

What can produce DRD and PADs and why?

A

Electronic dosimeter because it has both the capabilities

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34
Q

What are the electrons called that are farthest from the nucleus?

A

Valence electrons

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35
Q

What do valence electrons control?

A

Conductivity (electrical & heat) and chemical & magnetic properties of the element

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36
Q

Where do radioactive transformations occur?

A

In the nucleus

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37
Q

If an atom could be seen, what would the diameter be?

A

1 millionth the diameter of a human hair

38
Q

What are the 2 types of energy?

A
  1. Potential - stored but can be released

2. Kinetic - generated by motion

39
Q

What can’t be created or destroyed, only changed in form?

A

Matter and energy

40
Q

How can you describe a photon?

A

Energy without mass

41
Q

What are some examples of non-ionizing radiation (4)?

A
  1. Heat
  2. Microwave
  3. Visible & infrared light
  4. Radio waves
42
Q

How much more penetrating is cobalt compared to iridium?

A

2x

43
Q

Energy isn’t an intensity of the radiation field produced by equipment, its actually what?

A

Penetrating ability of device

44
Q

Is ionization a result of direct collision with the electron?

A

No because electromagnetic radiation has no mass

45
Q

The does the photoelectric process take place?

A

In the inner shell of an electron

46
Q

Where does the Compton effect take place?

A

Outer shell

47
Q

Annihilation of the photon in pair production creates what?

A

2 charged particles: an electron (-1) and a positron (+1)

48
Q

What does a value layer do?

A

Expresses the effectiveness of absorbing/shielding material

49
Q

Who comes up with max permissible dose and effective dose limits?

A

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)

50
Q

How much background radiation does a typical Canadian receive annually?

A

2 mSv (200 mrem)

51
Q

What is the intent of the ICRP’s guidelines on exposure limits (2)?

A
  1. Prevent severe/over exposure

2. Limit prolonged exposures to acceptable levels

52
Q

Exposure limits for a radiation worker per year, 5 year and special circumstance.

A 
20 mSv (2 rem)/year
50 mSv (5 rem)/special circumstance 
100 (10 rem)/5 years
53
Q

What are 3 factors that affect radio sensitivity?

A
  1. Stage of cell division - immature cells more affected
  2. Cell activity - more active = more vulnerable
  3. Blood/food supply to cells - undernourished cells are less active = less vulnerable
54
Q

What part of the body is most affected by radiation?

A

Blood and blood forming

55
Q

What is primary function of red blood cells?

A

The hemoglobin they contain carry oxygen from respiratory organs to rest of body.

56
Q

White blood cells play a role in scar tissue and…

A

Formation and promotion of antibodies - lack of will cause Leukopenia but too many will cause leukemia

57
Q

What govern the quality and quantities of a radiation device?

A 
kV = quality
mA = quantity
58
Q

Why must a “duty cycle” be adhered to?

A

Leads to overheating - insides will fry or it will shut off completely until it had cooled enough.

59
Q

Collimators are generally used for what type of ray?

A

Gamma

60
Q

For every 100 keV.. it will penetrate how much of steel?

A

1”

61
Q

What is the main disadvantage of a passive dosimeter?

A

No direct reading capabilities

62
Q

What type of X-ray tube is the most portable?

A

Bipolar Tube 150 kV to 450 kV

63
Q

What type of X-ray tube can be positioned inside smaller openings and can produce a panoramic/circumferential exposure?

A

Unipolar tube

64
Q

What are the 2 types of systems used to generate X-rays?

A

AC (alternating current) and CP (constant potential systems)

65
Q

What are the 2 key point of AC?

A
  1. All the radiation isn’t useful so filters must be used to remove unwanted lower energy X-rays,
  2. Will result in longer wavelength radiation
66
Q

What conversion happens in CP?

A

Tube rectifiers convert AC wall current into rectified AC that resembles DC

(More uniform mono-energetic radiation)

67
Q

What type of beam does DC produce?

A

More uniform beam of harder/shorter wavelength X-rays

68
Q

Valve tubes are specifically designed to do what?

A

Produce X-rays in short bursts/pulse (dependant on frequency of AC applied)

69
Q

Describe the 3 types of transformers:

A
  1. Step Up: (high voltage) supplies tube power
  2. Step Down: powers filament in cathode
  3. Auto: control line volt supplied to tube equipment
70
Q

What do rheostats do?

A

Controls filament heating current (and auto transformer controls high volt)

71
Q

What are 3 ways rectification can be carried out?

A
  1. Use of valves & diodes
  2. Use of special rectification circuits
  3. Use of semi-conductor rectifiers

ALL take place after high volt secondary coil and anode

72
Q

What are the 3 types of intensifying screens?

A
  1. Lead
  2. Fluorescent
  3. Fluorometallic
73
Q

Not using a screen in your radiograph can result in a softer, grainier outline which can be referred to as what type of appearance?

A

Mottled

74
Q

What are the intensification factors for the fluorescent screens?

A

Fluorescent: from 10-200
(Contrast & definition sucks)

Fluorometallic: 5-150
(Better quality/results from screens made of copper/steel)

75
Q

Comes and diagrams generally used on what?

A

Smaller items not needing much radiation

76
Q

What are the 2 tube essentials?

A
  1. Negative cathode containing high temp resistant tungsten filament
  2. Positive anode containing high density tungsten
77
Q

What type of X-rays cause an electron in higher orbit to fall to lower levels thus giving off secondary X-ray photon?

A

Characteristic X-rays

78
Q

Which element is usually the material of choice when operating X-ray tube at low voltages?

A

Beryllium (lightest solid, stable element)

79
Q

What does the focusing cup contain?

A

Electrons that are “boiled off” of filament

80
Q

What are the 3 main international standard organizations that recommend protection levels?

A
  1. International Commission on Radiological Protection* (ICRP) 1928
  2. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 1957
  3. International Commission on Radiation Units & Measurements (ICRU) 1925
81
Q

When tube current is increased, what is affected?

A

Only intensity

82
Q

When tube voltage is adjusted, what is affected?

A

Wavelength and intensity

83
Q

Electron emission (from filament) is a function of what?

A

Temp via thermionic emission process

84
Q

What is the Heel Effect?

A

Intensities in cathode see slight increase in intensity before steady decrease towards edge.

85
Q

What 3 things are needed to achieve the highest level of definition/sharpness?

A
  1. Focal spot as close to point source as possible.
  2. Source to detector distance as great as practical
  3. Specimen to detector as small as practical
86
Q

How are images stored in xeroradiography?

A

On selenium coated electro statically charged plate (using a developing powder that was applied to imaging paper)

87
Q

What’s the difference between a radiograph and a photograph?

A 
Radiograph = photo-negative 
Photograph = photo-positive
88
Q

What is a radiographic film coated with?

A

An emulsion containing fine crystals/grains of radiation sensitive silver halide crystals (like silver bromide & chloride)

89
Q

Lead screens are in direct contact with both sides of film for what range?

A

150 to 400 kV

90
Q

Fluorometallic screens are often used in conjunction with what?

A

Fast speed films to greatly reduce exposure times

91
Q

When using sources with energy ranges higher than 1 MeV, lead isn’t the best material for intensifying screens. What works better?

A

Copper/steel

RT L1 (10 decks)

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