1: Intro Flashcards
What is ISO 9712?
Established in 1992, this is considered the international standard for certification and qualification of NDT personnel around the world.
In Canada, the CGSB’s NDT Certifying Board (NCB) has adopted the ISO 9712 as what?
CAN/CGSB 48.9712
How are certification requirements established?
Through recommended practices/standards based on the ISO 9712 standard for certification AND identified in CAN/CGSB 48.9712 standard for qualification and certification of NDT personnel in Canada.
Who is in charge of development and grading of all written and practical NDT examinations conducted at approved exam centres (AEC’s) and special test centres?
NRCan
The level of certification required for a given task is determined by what?
Codes, contracts, specifications, etc.
Name a few duties that an RT L1 MUST be able to perform:
- Create and use a radiographic exposure curve (X-ray and gamma)
- Perform radiographic exams to specific written instructions/techniques
- Recording/reporting specific results
- Familiar with testing techniques based on theory
- General knowledge of film processing/storage
Name a few duties a RT L2 must be able to perform:
- Interpret results to codes, specifications, technical drawings, written procedures.
- Determine capabilities/limitations of a particular method.
- Skilled in reporting test results.
- Skilled in establishing/applying detailed techniques.
- Extensive knowledge of film processing/storage.
Name a few duties a RT L3 must be able to perform:
- Subject matter EXPERT of radiography method.
- Can establish correct techniques and procedures.
- Extensive knowledge of interpreting specifications/codes to determine correct methods and techniques.
- Extensive knowledge of all manufacturing methods pertaining to NDT.
- Capable of establishing training/certification programs.
What are the required vocational hours of class room training for each level?
L1 - 40 hours
L2 - 80 hours
L3 - 40 hours
Who established and produced the SNT-TC-1A?
American Society of Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)
What is ASNT/ANSI - CP189?
Similar to SNT-TC-1A, difference includes development of procedures for qualification/certification of personnel written by employer.
The examiner/issuer of certification/qualification to employees must hold a what?
ASNT L3 in applicable method(s) as required by employer.
Who uses NAS-410?
Almost exclusively aerospace companies/supplies PLUS military agencies/contractors.
What was NAS-410 formally known as?
MILSTD-410
What does PCN stand for?
Personnel Certification in Nondestructive Testing
The PCN is a British/European standard that was adopted by who? Utilizing what?
Adopted by the European Economic Collation utilizing the EN-473 standard.
The PCN is similar to what other standard? And what’s the difference?
Similar and compliant with ISO 9712, difference being that methods can be sectors with increased minimum requirements.
What are the units used to measure the intensity of radiation from any given source?
Roentgen/Sieverts per hour
What are the units for dose equivalency?
RBE & Q
What measures the activity of a radioactive source?
Becquerels
The federal government organization that provides certification for radiographers and other NDT personnel in Canada is who?
Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB)
Who can be credited for the discovery of X-rays?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
What type of radiation produces the best radiograph?
The lowest possible
What is the objective of radiography?
Ensure product reliability
What activity reduces, what happens to exposure time?
It gets longer
What unit is used to measure energy?
Electron volt
What 4 factors does your choice of energy depend on?
- Code
- Material type
- Density
- Thickness
What type of TV is x ray similar to in quality?
Ultra HD
What type of TV would gamma be related to?
A tube style TV
Exposure is the radiation where?
IN AIR
Dose is a measure of radiation where?
Deposited in matter
What are the 2 units of dose?
RAD (CGS) and Gray (SI)
What is an Erg?
Unit of work
What are the weighing factor units?
RBE (CGS) and Q (SI)
What is the weighing factor of an Alpha particle?
20
What is the weighing factor of a X-ray/Gamma/Beta particle?
One
What is the weighing factor for a neutron (with energy greater than 10 kV)?
10
What are the units for equivalent dose?
REM (CGS) and Sv (SI)
What do you convert a sievert to a rem?
Multiply by 100
1 Sv = 100 rem
Who would be considered a non-NEW?
Anyone working/being around people using a source (ex. Welders, transport, etc.)
What are logs/anti-logs used for?
To correct exposure charts or use film characteristic curves to correct exposure times.
What do mAm, antilog and kilo-voltage represent?
mAm = exposure time antilog = exposure factor kilo-voltage = penetrating power
What is kVp?
Kilovolts-peak refers to peak potential applied to X-ray machine (NOT a direct measure of radiation)
Radiation energy (in keV) is what portion of the potential applied to X-ray tube?
1/3
The range of energies used for industrial radiography are what?
20 keV - 20+ MeV
1 R = ? C/kg
1 R = 2.58 x 10^-4 c/kg
The characteristic curve is also referred to as what?
D log E curve
What is the characteristic curve?
Density plotted against logarithms of exposure
When using an X-ray tube, intensity is dependant on what?
Tube current
When using an X-ray tube, what is the current based on?
Flow of electrons from tube (cathode) filament.
Describe the constant known as the Reciprocity Law or Bunsen-Roscoe Law?
Exposure = milliamperage x time
…the product of mA and time is a constant.
What is the exposure factor?
The relationship between exposure and distance of radiation source to an object
What type of relationship is the Inverse Square Law?
Exposure-distance relationship
