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ANIMAL PRODUCTION - 3 > 5 – Equine Reproduction/Breeding > Flashcards

5 – Equine Reproduction/Breeding Flashcards

1
Q

In general what are horses normally bred for?

A
  • Things other then reproductive soundness
    o Vets commonly presented with subfertile mares and stallions
  • *athletic performance and LOOKS
    o Performance is heritable
  • Some owners want to breed a horse with a heritable DEFECT
    o Easily tested for and some associations have restrictions on being allowed to bred positive animals
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2
Q

Reproductive physiology of the mare: puberty

A
  • 1st ovulation: 12-24 months
    o Depends on nutrition, season and stress
  • Most can become pregnant as 2 year olds
  • Pregnancy In yearlings is not uncommon
  • *increased risk of dystocia: if not fully physically mature yet (1 year old)
  • *seasonally polyestrous (LONG DAY breeders)
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3
Q

What is the normal gestation of a mare?

A
  • 340 days
    o More normally to be OVERDUE, not usually a problem
    o Less common to be early
  • *need to become pregnant within 20-30 days in order to maintain YEARLY REPRODUCTION
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4
Q

What is singletons

A
  • Twins = ‘disease’
    o Never really deliver live twins=we INTERVENE
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5
Q

What is the per cycle conception rate/% best case scenario?

A
  • 60-70%
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6
Q

What is the per season pregnancy rate/% best case scenario?

A
  • 80-90%
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7
Q

Why are the best case scenario % for per cycle conception rate and per season pregnancy rates not industry averages?

A
  • Many stallions and mares and not fertile fully
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8
Q

Reproductive physiology of the mare: parturition

A
  • *rapid and very forceful process (especially compared to bovine)
    1. Uterine contraction, cervical relaxation
    1. Fetal Expulsion
    1. Fetal Membrane Expulsion
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9
Q

What are some sources of income on a breeding farm?

A
  1. Stallions
  2. Mare care
  3. Chute fees
  4. *Foals: most common
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10
Q

Stallions as an income source

A
  • Stud fee paid by mare owner to breed to a particular stallion
  • Most offer ‘live foal’ guarantee (except some with frozen semen)
    o But read the small print
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11
Q

What is the ‘stud fee’ or the value of stallion based on?

A
  • Pedigree
  • Performance record
  • Offspring performance record
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12
Q

Examples of stud fees

A
  • Most expensive in thorough breed horses
  • Used to be over $1M
  • Average: $200,000 (American Pharoah)
  • Ex. Galileo: private! (so likely extremely high)
  • Typical: 4 figures, NOT 6 figures
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13
Q

Mare care as an income source

A
  • Board charged to mare owners to house and feed mares in for breeding
  • Range: $2-50/day
  • ‘wet’ vs ‘dry’ mares
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14
Q

‘wet vs. ‘dry’ mares

A
  • Wet: foals born that year that are still with them (still lactating)
  • Dry: do NOT have a foal
  • *wet mares fee is higher than dry mares
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15
Q

Chute fees as an income source

A
  • Additional fee to mare owner
  • Various fees:
    o natural service or hand breeding on farm
    o semen collection and preparation on farm AI performed
    o fee associated with shipped, cooled semen
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16
Q

Foals as an income source

A
  • sold as weanlings, yearlings or in utero
    o most expensive: 7 figures!
    o Ex. highest publicly known: Seattle dancer (13M)
  • marketing
    o word of mouth
    o yearling sales
    o auctions
    o internet
    o equine publications
17
Q

What is the rule of thumb for price of a foal?

A
  • *asking price is at least 2x the stud fee
18
Q

Into Mischief stallion

A
  • 25-30% of offspring have been winning race horses
  • *amazing production record
  • Stud fee: $250k
  • Likely breeds 100+ a day
  • Successful himself, but got injured
19
Q

What are the expenditures on a breeding farm?

A
  • Largest: FEED
  • Overhead
  • Wages to employees
  • Advertising
  • Vet’s role: EXTENSIVE
    o Subfertile horses with high value
    o AI, ET, ovum pick up (OPU) advanced repro tech commonly practiced
    o Cloning is also done and allowed by many breed registrations
20
Q

Horses as food: ‘timeline’

A
  • For a long time they have been viewed as food
  • Domestication may have allowed us to raise them for consumption
  • World wars and Great Depression: hunger and lack of resources (especially in UK, and then NA)
  • *religious and culture traditions
  • Consumed in many parts of the world (Asia and Europe)
  • “taboo’ in most English speaking western cultures
    o Some consumption in Quebec
    o Concern with slaughter of horses in NA
21
Q

Why are horses used as food?

A
  • Sweet, tender, lean meat
    o More protein, less fat, less cholesterol
  • In older animals: meat becomes tender
    o ‘viable’ option for older horses
  • Served in a variety of ways depending on culinary traditions
22
Q

What is the production of horse meat?

A
  • Slaughter similarly to cattle
  • Regulated by CFIA
    o Safety and welfare of horses
    o Safety of product entering the food chain
    o CFIA vets
    o Meat inspection act and inspection regulations
23
Q

What slaughters do we have in Canada?

A
  • 2 federally registered (AB and QB: Bouvry)
  • *peak in 2008 and consistently dropped since then
  • 2022: $22M export of meat (small industry)
24
Q

What is the safety of horse meat in Canada?

A
  • Tested for drug residues, environmental contaminants and pesticide residues
    o Random AND targeted
  • *biggest concern is: phenylbutazone
25
Q

Phenylbutazone

A
  • NSAID commonly used in horses
  • May cause aplastic anemia in people
    o BANNED for use in food animals
  • Detection levels among the BEST in the world
    o Rare to get positive test results
26
Q

Where do horses for export of meat come from?

A
  • Feedlots
  • Shipped in
  • Intermediate buyers
27
Q

European markets

A
  • Light horse types
  • *processed meat product, not whole horses
  • ‘on hook’
  • Recent controversary: due to phenylbutazone contamination and surveillance
28
Q

Asian markets

A
  • Draft horse types
  • *prefer to by LIVE horses
  • Animals purposely raised for this market
  • Controversy over how they are shipped
29
Q

Why is horse meat appealing? (in regards to diseases)

A
  • NO spongiform encephalopathies
  • No FMD (CJD in humans)
    o Directly led to increase of consumption in some European markets
30
Q

Equine information document (EID)

A
  • Required for all horses presented at a processing facility in Canada
  • Owner-signed declaration to verify info contained
    o CFIA vet needs to sign off on it
  • *minimum record of last 6 months
    o Written and visual ID
    o General health
    o Medications
    o Must be transferred with horse if/when ownership changes (ex. to an intermediate buyer)
31
Q

Controversy in Canada: US and then export of live horses

A
  • In 2007: no operating equine slaughter in US
    o Canada has become destination for US horses destined for slaughter
    o Has slowed in recent years, but controversary remains
  • 2021: directed to ban export of live horses is BANNED but not acting on quickly
  • 2022: 2600 exported still
  • 2023: bills to actually ban export of live horses to a different question (will likely pass, unless interrupted by an election)
  • *rapidly decreasing industry, likely on its last legs

ANIMAL PRODUCTION - 3 (20 decks)

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