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ANIMAL PRODUCTION - 3 > 1 – Equine Industry > Flashcards

1 – Equine Industry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lifespan of a horse?

A
  • 25-30+ years
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2
Q

Mare

A
  • Mature female horse, greater than 4 years
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3
Q

Stallion

A
  • Mature male horse, intact, greater than 4 years
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4
Q

Gelding

A
  • Castrated male horse
    o Usually done between 6 months to 2 years
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5
Q

Filly

A
  • Immature female horse, less than 4 years
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6
Q

Colt

A
  • Immature male horse, less than 4 years
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7
Q

Hands high (HH)

A
  • Measurement of horse from ground to withers
  • 1 hand=4 inches
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8
Q

Broke

A
  • Horse is trained to be ridden
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9
Q

Green

A
  • Horse is inexperienced
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10
Q

Lungeing/longeing

A
  • Exercise or training technique where horse is moved around a handler in a circle on a long line
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11
Q

Horse breeds and categories

A
  • More than 200 breeds
    o Hot blood, cold blood, warm blood
    o Heavy horses/draft and light horses
    o Ponies, miniature
    o Saddle horses, harness horses
    o Registered, grade horse
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12
Q

Draft horse/heavy horses characteristics and height

A
  • Tall
  • Muscular
  • Broad back
  • *feathered distal limbs
  • *16-19 HH
  • Ex. Clydesdale, belgian
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13
Q

Draft horse/heavy horses uses

A
  • Bred to pull
    o Farming, log carts, wagons, sleigh, showing
  • Riding in a variety of sports
  • Harness may be used as a single or a team
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14
Q

Warmblood/medium weight horses characteristics and height

A
  • More refined features than draft horses w/o feather
  • 15-18 HH
  • Ex. Hanoverian, trakehner
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15
Q

Warmblood/medium weight horses ‘classification’ and uses

A
  • ‘open studbooks’
    o Do not require 2 pure blood parents
    o Accept animals of similar phenotypes to improve the breed
  • Bred to excel at competitive English riding (dressage and jumping)
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16
Q

Light horse characteristics and height

A
  • Specific characteristics
  • Generally small/lighter in build
  • *greater 14.2 HH
  • Ex. Arabian, WH, throughbred, paint horse
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17
Q

Light horse uses

A
  • Specific sport or used or pleasure
    o Track racing, cow horse/western sports
    o Halter
    o Harness
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18
Q

Pony phenotypically distinct features and height

A
  • Thicker coat, mane, tail
  • Short/stocky legs
  • Wider barrels
  • Shorter/thicker neck
  • Broad forehead
  • *shorter than 14.2HH
  • Ex. Shetland, welse
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19
Q

Pony uses

A
  • Riding
  • Sport
  • Pull carts
  • *sure-footedness (backcountry riding)
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20
Q

Miniature horse characteristics

A
  • Legs longer than body is deep
  • More refined structure than small ponies
  • *less than 8.2 HH
  • Ex. American miniature horses
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21
Q

Miniature horse uses

A
  • Companion animals
  • Harness
  • In-hand sport
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22
Q

What makes up 2/3rds of the worlds equid population?

A
  • Donkeys and mules
  • *working animals
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23
Q

What are the 3 common sizes of donkeys and mules?

A
  • Miniature
  • Standard (small and large varieties)
  • Mammoth
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24
Q

What is a mule?

A
  • 63 chromosomes=INFERTILE
  • Highly versatile
    o Strength, endurance and surefootedness of donkey
    o Athletic ability and speed of a horse
  • *used for work and sport
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25
Q

Jack and jenny

A
  • Jack: male donkey
  • Jenny: female donkey
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26
Q

Mule and hinny

A
  • Mule: horse dam, donkey sire
  • Hinny: donkey dam, horse sire
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27
Q

Mare/molly

A
  • Female mule
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28
Q

Horse mule/john mule

A
  • Male mule
29
Q

Hule and jule

A
  • Hule: Horse sire, mule dam
    o Example in class
  • Jule: donkey sire, mule dam
  • *BOTH ARE RARE (don’t normally have a fertile mule)
30
Q

What are the different wild equids?

A
  • Feral horses
  • Mustangs
  • Prezwalski’s horse
  • Zebra (32-46 chromosomes)
  • Wild assess
31
Q

Feral horses

A
  • Multiple populations in Canada (AB, BC, SK, Sable Island)
32
Q

Mustangs

A
  • Free roaming horses (feral) in Western US
    o Descended from Spanish Horses
  • Managed by Bureau of Land Management
33
Q

Prezwalski’s horse

A
  • Endangered horse native to central Asia
  • 66 chromosomes
  • 12-14 HH (shorter), 300 kg
  • *Dun markings (light sandy colour with dark dorsal stripe on back and distal limbs, mane and tail)
  • stocky
34
Q

What are the ID methods of equids?

A
  • Hot iron or freeze brand
  • Microchip (in lip)
  • Tattoo (but often fades with time)
  • *registration papers
  • DNA or Coggins (EIA) test papers
  • passports
35
Q

Breed registries

A
  • many breeds represented by national or international breed registry/association
  • qualification is usually based on parents
    o closed stud book
    o open stud book
  • some have genetic, conformational or height requirements
36
Q

Closed stud book

A
  • 2 pure bred parents
  • No outside bloodlines accepted
  • Ex. thoroughbreds, trakenhner
37
Q

Open stud book

A
  • Animals may be registered even if parents are not
    o Most warmbloods
    o Semi open for quarter horses
38
Q

Genetic testing for breed registry (Arabian, American Quarter Horse, Friesian)

A
  • Arabian: parentage test but test for common diseases
  • American Quarter horse: 5+ test for breed stock
  • Friesian: DNA test stallions for breeding, mares and foals need parentage verification
39
Q

What are some breed specific disorders that are genetically tested for?

A
  • Connemara pony hoof wall separation disease
  • Equine familial isolated hypoparathyroidism (throughbred)
  • Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (Belgians)
  • Warmblood fragile foal syndrome type 1
40
Q

Colour genetics

A
  • Some testing is done if want a specific colour
  • Some colours are linked to genetic diseases
41
Q

Overo lethal white syndrome associated with what gene?

A
  • Homozygous for overo coat colour pattern gene
    o Mostly dark but some white over them (‘paint horse’)
42
Q

what is silver dilution associated with?

A
  • Multiple congenital ocular anomalies
43
Q

What is the grey gene associated with?

A
  • Increased risk of melanoma
44
Q

What is leopard complex associated with?

A
  • Congenital stationary night blindness in appaloosas
45
Q

Walk

A
  • 4 beat gait with each foot hitting ground independently
46
Q

Trot

A
  • 2 beat diagonal gait with contralateral limbs moving synchronously
47
Q

Canter

A
  • 3 beat gait
  • L lead: left is inside the circle
    o RH, LH+RF, LF
48
Q

Gallop

A
  • 3-4 beat gait
    o Same as canter, except diagonal hind foot hits ground slightly before front foot
49
Q

Gaited horses

A
  • Unique gait specific to certain breeds
  • Claimed to be a ‘smoother rid’
  • Ex. American standard bred: trot or pace (2 beat unilateral gait)
50
Q

What are the uses of horses in the equine industry?

A
  • Sport
  • Recreation
  • Companionship
  • Breeding
  • Labour (mounted police, ranch, logging, transport)
  • Teaching and research
  • Equine therapy
  • Production: PMU and meat
  • Entertainment
  • Tourism
51
Q

What breeds are used for flat racing?

A
  • Thoroughbred
  • Quarter horse
  • Arabian
52
Q

What breeds are used for harness racing?

A
  • Standardbreds
    o Pacer, trotters
53
Q

What are the different English disciplines?

A
  • Dressage
  • Jumper
  • Hunter
  • 3-day eventing
  • Polo
  • Polo cross
  • Endurance
54
Q

What is judged in dressage?

A
  • Ability to perform graceful dancelike movements that seem effortless
55
Q

What is judged in jumpers?

A
  • How quickly a course can be completed with as few faults as possible
56
Q

What is judged in hunters?

A
  • Accuracy, grace and elegance of completing a set out course
57
Q

What is 3-day eventing?

A
  • Single horse and rider compete in dressage, show jumping and cross country
58
Q

What are the breeds for pulling (weighting) competitions?

A
  • Draft breeds
    o Shire
    o Clydesdale
    o Percheron
    o Belgian
59
Q

What is driving (6-horse hitch)?

A
  • Showcase ability to work in team and at different paces in show ring
  • Turnout (appearance) is important
60
Q

What is combined driving?

A
  • 4 horses of lighter breeds, similar appearance, working well together
  • 3 phase event
    o Dressage, cross country and timed obstacle course
61
Q

What is chuckwagon racing?

A
  • Team of 4 horses perform a figure 8 around 2 barrels and then race around tack against multiple other teams
  • Each team supported by 2-4 outriders
    o 24-32 horses on track at once
  • Breeds: usually TB (can have pony chucks)
62
Q

Rodeo

A
  • Timed events that have stemmed from different aspects of ranch work and life
  • Ex. bronc riding, barrel racing, pick up horses)
63
Q

Western show ring

A
  • Classes and disciples that emphasize horsemanship and skills and movements adapted from working cattle
64
Q

Ranch horse work and competitions

A
  • Competitive disciplines based on practical skills that horses working with cattle are expected to perform
65
Q

What is halter classes or ‘competitions’?

A
  • Show off breed specific characteristics
  • Judged on conformation
  • Halter horses: ‘epitome’ of what the breed should look like
66
Q

Vaulting

A
  • Acrobatic gymnastics on back of moving horse
  • horse is controlled by lunger
  • horse wears a surcingle with hand grips and stirrup loops for vaulter to grasp
67
Q

Horses as production animals

A
  • manure: fertilizer
  • leather
  • meat
  • hair: violine strings, jewellery
  • serum: culture media
  • hormones: Premarin
  • glue and milk
68
Q

Pregnant mares urine

A
  • used as estrogen source in the drug Premarin (Pfizer)
    o hormone replacement therapy for post-menopausal women
  • commonly draft horses (get more urine from a bigger horse, but byproduct=foals had little use)
  • *most now raise QH foals
    o Sold as weanlings
    o Performance and ranch horse prospects
  • Not as much of an industry now

ANIMAL PRODUCTION - 3 (20 decks)

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