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ANIMAL PRODUCTION - 3 > 4 – Feeding > Flashcards

4 – Feeding Flashcards

1
Q

What is the feeding behaviour of horses?

A
  • Grazing species
    o Wild horses spend at least 12hrs/day eating
  • *should feed at least 2 meals a day
    o Ideal would be free choice feeding
    o Minimize pH fluctuations
  • Need to allow horses to eat with their heads LOWERED (natural grazing position)
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2
Q

What are the 3 basic needs for a horse’s diet?

A
  • Forage
  • Water
  • Salt
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3
Q

Forage

A
  • NEED good quality
  • ~2% of its BW in dry feed per day
    o Average 500kg horse=10kg of feed (divide by 2)
  • *majority of feed should be forage
  • Ex. hay, pasture, or processed feeds
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4
Q

Hay types

A
  • Grass: timothy, brome, rye, fescue, orchard
  • Legume: alfalfa
  • Mix
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5
Q

Hay quality is dependent on

A
  • Stage of growth
  • Leaf:stem ratio
  • Degree of cure at time of cutting and baling
  • *should inspect for dust, mold, soil, weeds, toxic plants
  • *nutrient levels vary, so it’s important to know the values
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6
Q

Pasture

A
  • Native or seeded
  • Minimum 2 acre/horse
  • Practice good pasture management to prevent over-grazing
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7
Q

What are some examples of processed feeds of forage?

A
  • Hay based: alfalfa, timothy
  • Cubes
  • Pellets
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8
Q

Water

A
  • Most important nutrient
  • ALWAYS needs to be available
  • *minimum daily requirement is 5L/100kg of BW
    o Thermos-neutral temperatures
    o Minimum of 25L/day for average horse
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9
Q

What does water intake vary with?

A
  • Size of horse
  • Temperature/season
  • Feed intake (amount)
  • Type of feed (forage vs. concentrate)
  • Physiological state (pregnant, lactating)
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10
Q

What levels of TDS, sulfates, and nitrates should water contain?

A
  • <5000ppm TDS
  • <500ppm sulfates
  • <100ppm nitrates
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11
Q

Does water=snow?

A
  • NO
  • Cannot meet water requirements of horse
    o 6-10x volume of snow must be ‘eaten’ to meet water requirements
    o Use energy to heat snow (body warmth, condition and overall health
  • *MUST provide clean, potable water
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12
Q

Salt

A
  • Necessary
  • Free choice (blocks) or in ration (top dressed)
  • Provide electrolytes to maintain homeostasis
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13
Q

The basic needs for horses change with increased metabolic demand: examples

A
  • Growing
  • Pregnant or lactating
  • Cold weather (staying warm)
  • Exercise
  • Breeding stallions
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14
Q

What are different types of concentrates?

A
  • Grains
  • Extruded feeds
  • Protein supplements
  • Minerals
  • Vitamins
  • Ration balancers
  • Body specific supplements
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15
Q

Grains

A
  • Adds energy +/- protein
  • Oats, sweet feed, barley, corn
  • Processing may increase digestibility
  • NOT a necessity, but useful with a HIGH metabolic demand
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16
Q

What are some processes of grain that increase digestibility?

A
  • Cracked
  • Rolled
  • Crushed
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17
Q

What are the 2 types of extruded feeds?

A
  • Complete feed
  • Supplemental feeds
18
Q

Extruded feeds: complete feed

A
  • Used when forage quantity or quality is LOW or when forage cannot be fed
19
Q

Extruded feeds: supplemental feeds

A
  • High fat, starch or protein feeds to add calories
  • For different ‘diseases’ or life stages
    o Ex. more starch for senior horses
20
Q

Protein supplements

A
  • Soybean or milk based
  • Part or in addition to concentrate ration
  • *make sure not mixing multiple different supplements
21
Q

What horses are protein supplements generally given to?

A
  • Lactating mares
  • Geriatrics
  • Debilitated horses
  • Elite performance horses
  • Orphan foals: milk replacers
22
Q

Minerals

A
  • Blocks
    o Salt
    o Salt and iodine
    o Mixed mineral
  • Powders
    o Used as a top dress on concentrate ration
23
Q

Vitamins

A
  • Powders, liquids, pastes
  • B complex, C and E=MOST COMMONLY SUPPLEMENTED
  • *Vit E=most IMPORTANT (free-radical scavenger)
24
Q

Ration balancers

A
  • Extruded pellets or powders
  • Contain concentrated vitamins and minerals
  • Intended to be added to a pasture or hay diet
25
Q

Body system specific supplements: examples

A
  • Joint health
  • Hoof health (Ex. biotin)
  • GI health
26
Q

Fibre

A
  • May be used when traditional forages are scarce or as a base for feeding powdered supplements
  • Examples
    o Beet pulp (need to let it expand before feeding, other get CHOKE)
    o Bran
    o Grain hulls
    o Extruded fibre supplements
27
Q

What should feeding programs be based on?

A
  • Age
  • Weight and BCS
  • Activity level
  • Management (extensive vs. intensive)
  • Available feeds: season, geography
  • *all should be forage based and make feed changes GRADUALLY
28
Q

Cold weather and feeding

A
  • Below 5degrees C horses need MORE forage to MAINTAIN body temperature and weight
  • Usually increase amount HAY
  • Concentrated feed may help horses with POOR DENITION
29
Q

Feeding mares and foals

A
  • Add 0.5-0.75% BW concentrates to mares diet in LAST trimester of gestation and during early lactation
  • Dams milk is sufficient for foal during first 6-8 weeks of life
  • Creep feed offered at 0.5-1% foal’s BW/day (max 5 lbs)
30
Q

Feeding growing horses

A
  • Usually consume 3% of BW/day
  • Free choice hay is BEST
  • Weanlings can be feed creep feed at 1% BW/day
  • *feed horse under 2 years SEPARATELY from rest of herd (but if only 2 horses, it is better to have them together than separated)
31
Q

Feeding horses in work

A
  • Increase concentrates to add energy and protein
  • Offer free choice feeding or multiple meals
    o Reduce risk of gastric ulcers
32
Q

What are the common issues with geriatric horses?

A
  • Poor dentition: slow intake and risk of choke
  • Poor appetite
  • Increased nutrient requirements
  • *good quality SOFT FEED
33
Q

What are the 2 reasons why geriatric horses have poor appetite?

A
  • Iatrogenic: pergolide (ex. treatment for PPID)
  • Pain: arthritis, loose teeth, EOTRH (very painful condition of INCISORS)
34
Q

Feeding for weight loss

A
  • Avoid all concentrates and treats
  • Weighed meals: NO free choice of hay
  • GRADUAL reduction in feed offered
  • Start at 2% BW/day
    o Reduce gradually to 1.5% BW/day
    o Reductions should occur over 2-3 weeks
    o Stop reducing feed once weight loss is noticed
35
Q

Feeding following starvation

A
  • Refeeding needs to be SLOW and GRADUAL
  • Initially restrict NSC to <20%
  • Diet should be primarily hay and a supplement (grass or alfalfa hay)
36
Q

What might aggressive refeeding result in?

A
  • Refeeding syndrome
    o Potentially FATAL shift in fluids and electrolytes
37
Q

What are the examples of diseases that may respond to diet changes?

A
  • PSSM (polysaccharides storage myelopathy)
  • RER
  • HYPP
  • Equine asthma
  • EMS, PPID, obesity
  • Vit E related diseases
38
Q

Body condition score

A
  • Monitor SUBCUTANEOUS FAT DEPOSITS to determine changes in health and feeding
  • *record on medical record
  • Scale of 1-9
39
Q

BCS 1-3

A
  • Very thin
  • Seeing ribs
40
Q

BCS 4-6

A
  • Ideal (5 for most breeds)
41
Q

BCS 7-9

A
  • Extremely fat and fleshy
  • Worry about laminitis and metabolic syndrome
42
Q

Neck crest score

A
  • Scale of 0-5
  • 0: no visual appearance of crest
  • 1-2: ideal
  • 5: crest is so large it droops to one side (ex. fat donkeys, if in horse=usually when really fat and then lose weight)

ANIMAL PRODUCTION - 3 (20 decks)

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