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Biology > 5 - Energy Transfers > Flashcards

5 - Energy Transfers Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photoionisation

A

when light energy ‘excites’ electrons in an atom or molecule, giving them more energy and causing them to be released.

The release of electrons causes the atom or molecule to become a positively charged ion

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2
Q

Coenzyme used in photosynthesis

A

NADP

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3
Q

How is NADP reduced?

A

Using the H+ ion released from the photolysis of water

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4
Q

Photosynthetic pigments

A

Coloured substances that absorb the light energy needed for photosyntesis

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5
Q

What happens to carbohydrates produced from photosynthesis?

A

Stored as starch grains in the stroma

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6
Q

Where does the light-dependent reaction take place?

A

Thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts

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7
Q

Uses of energy released from photoionisation of chlorophyll

A

Some is used to reform ATP - transfers energy to the light independent reaction

Some is used to reduce NADP to form NADPH - transfers hydrogen to the light independent reaction

Some is used to split water into H+, e- and O2

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8
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

Stroma of the chloroplast

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9
Q

Use of energy lost as electrons move down the electron transport chain

A

Transport protons into the thylakoid, so the thylakoid has a higher concentration of protons than the stroma, forming a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane

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10
Q

Thylakoid

A

Fluid-filled sacs that are stacked up inside the chloroplasts

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11
Q

Lammella

A

Contain photosynthetic pigments

Each pigment has evolved to absorb different wavelengths of light

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12
Q

Examples of photosynthetic pigments

A

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

Carotene

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13
Q

Photosystem

A

Within the thylakoid membrane, photosynthetic pigments are attached to proteins

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14
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Production of ATP from ADP and Pi

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15
Q

Where are electron carrier proteins located?

A

Thylakoid membrane

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16
Q

Energy released from the electron transport chain

A

Pumps protons from the stroma into the thylakoids. The protons are being transported against their concentration gradient and this requires energy

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17
Q

What happens as protons build up in the thylakoid?

A

A proton gradient forms across the thylakoid membrane because the concentration of protons inside the thylakoid is greater than in the stroma

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18
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

As protons diffuse down the concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane, ATP synthase is activated by energy and converts ADP and Pi into ATP

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19
Q

Products of cyclic vs non-cyclic photophosphorylation

A

Cyclic - ATP, no NADP

Non-cyclic - ATP and NADP

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20
Q

When is NADPH produced?

A

When light is absorbed by PSI

21
Q

Which photosystem uses cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

PSI

22
Q

Which photsystem uses non-cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

PSII

23
Q

What happens when CO2 diffuses into the leaves through the stomata?

A

It combines with RuBP to give an unstable 6C compund

24
Q

What happens to the unstable 6C compund produced in the 1st step of the Calvin Cycle?

A

Rapidly splits into 2 molecules of glycerate-3-phosphate

25
Q

Carbon fixation

A

The combination of CO2 with RuBP

26
Q

Reduction of glycerate-3-phosphate

A

Reduced to triose phosphates

Driven by 2ATP + 2H+ from NADPH

27
Q

1/6 Triose phosphate

A

Converted into hexose sugars

28
Q

5/6 Triose Phosphate

A

Used to regenerate RuBP

Driven by 1ATP

29
Q

Catalyst of carbon fixation

A

Rubisco

30
Q

Components of lipids formed in the Calvin Cycle

A

Triose phosphates are used in the synthesis of glycerol

Fatty acids are formed from glycerate 3-phosphate

31
Q

Why does the light-dependent reaction take place in the thylakoid?

A

Light energy is absorbed by the thylakoid membrane

32
Q

Ethanol Fermentation

A

Convertion of pyravete to ethanol under anaerobic conditions

Takes place in plants and yeast

33
Q

How is pyravate converted to ethanol?

A

Pyruvate is first converted to ethanal by pyruvate decarboxylase
(CO2 byproduct)

Ethanal is then reduced to ethanol, using ethanol dehydrogenase and NADH

34
Q

Lactate Fermentation

A

Conversion of pyruvate to lactate

Takes place in animals and some bacteria, when there is an insufficient oxygen supply

35
Q

How is pyruvate reduced to lactate?

A

Catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase

NADH oxidised to NAD

36
Q

Net gain of link

A

CO2

NADH

37
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Acts as a carrier for the 2C acetyl group

It reacts with oxaloacetate (4C) to produce citrate (6C)

38
Q

Net gain of Krebs

A

2CO2

3NADH

ATP

FADH2

39
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

40
Q

Features of the inner mitochondrial membrane that allows production of ATP on a large scale

A

3 electron carrier proteins

ATP synthase

41
Q

Methylene blue

A

Blue in its oxidised state

Colourless in its reduced state

42
Q

Enzyme which catalyses the reaction in which pyruvate is reduced to lactate

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

43
Q

2 uses of organic molecules produced by plants

A

Respiratory substrates

Make other biological molecules, forming new biomass

44
Q

Biomass

A

The chemical energy store for an organism

45
Q

Dry mass

A

The mass of an organism after its water has been removed

46
Q

Mass of C

A

Usually about half the drymass

47
Q

Calorimeter

A

Measures energy contained within dry biomass

Burns biomass and calculats the chemical energy released per gram

48
Q

2 methods for measuring biomass

A

Dry mass of tissue per unit area

Mass of carbon

49
Q

Gross primary production

A

The chemical energy stored in plant biomass, in a given area or volume

Biology (7 decks)

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