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History - The Tudors - Henry VII > 5 - Economic Development: Trade, Exploration, Prosperity + Depression > Flashcards

5 - Economic Development: Trade, Exploration, Prosperity + Depression Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the estimated population at the start of Henry VII’s reign?

A

2.2 million

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2
Q

How was the population distributed between urban and rural areas?

A
  • 90% rural

- 10% urban

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3
Q

How big were urban areas?

A
  • Most small: only 20 had population over 3000

- Largest urban area: London had population 50,000

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4
Q

What groups existed in urban areas? What did they control? How many were there in London?

A

Urban guilds (66 in London)

  • Entry to industry
  • Apprenticeships
  • Wages + prices
  • Quality control
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5
Q

What was the biggest sector of the economy?

A

Agriculture

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6
Q

When did agriculture decline and when did it recover?

A
  • Decline in 1300s-1400s (Black Death)

- Recovery in the reigns of Henry VII + Henry VII, as population began to regrow (Tudor population explosion)

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7
Q

What was the Tudor population explosion?

A

Growth of the English population after the Black Death, under the reigns of Henry VII + Henry VIII

  • 1522: pop 2.3 mill
  • 1545: pop 2.7 mill
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8
Q

How did agriculture type differ regionally?

A
  • SE: Mixed (exceptions: pastoral in the Fens + High Weald)
  • NW: Pastoral
  • Welsh border/Herefordshire: Grain + fruit
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9
Q

What were the main changes in agriculture during Henry VII’s reign?

A
  • Mixed farming starting to shift to more pastoral farming (for wool/cloth trade)
  • Open-field husbandry starting to shift to enclosure
    (Changes were JUST STARTING, more significant under later monarchs)
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10
Q

What is open-field husbandry?

A

Manor estate with tenants farming strips of land in open fields, all having common rights (legal rights of all tenants to use common land + keep animals there)

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11
Q

What is enclosure?

A

Land becoming owned by one individual and being fenced off

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12
Q

Why was enclosure becoming more common?

A

Farming becoming more profitable

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13
Q

How was enclosure affecting peasants?

A

Negative effect

  • Lost land
  • Lost common rights
  • Caused a slight rural population decline

BUT - Some historians argue negative effect has been exaggerated

  • Midlands (most enclosure at time) had less than 3% land enclosed
  • Negative effects often confused with effects of engrossment (multiple farms joining)
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14
Q

Was most English trade internal or external?

A

Internal (between specialised regions)

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15
Q

What were the main imports to England?

A

Products for the wealthy

  • Wine
  • Raisins
  • Dye
  • Glass
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16
Q

What were the main exports from England?

A
  • Cloth (growing)(increased by 60% under Henry VII - Lander)
  • Wool (shrinking)
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17
Q

What percentage of England’s export value was from cloth?

A

90%

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18
Q

Outline the process of cloth exportation

A
  • Pastoral (sheep) farming produced wool
  • Cottage industries (small scale in homes) spun + wove cloth
  • Commercial enterprises (fulling + dying) to cleanse, thicken, dye cloth
  • Exportation (London-Antwerp-Europe)
19
Q

Where + what was Antwerp?

A
  • In Duchy of Burgundy, Netherlands
  • ‘commercial metropolis of Europe’-Coleman
  • Where English cloth exported to before distribution around Europe
20
Q

What were the other industries (aside from cloth) under Henry VII?

A

Area-specific, smaller scale industries, e.g…

  • Mining (largest of smaller scale industries, required some investment, e.g. water powered pump installed by Crown in Durham coal mine - 1486)
  • Metal work
  • Leather work
  • Shipbuilding
21
Q

What were the trading companies?

A
  • Merchants of the Staple
  • Merchant Adventurers
  • Merchants of the Hanse (Hanseatic League)
22
Q

Who were the Merchants of the Staple?

A

Merchants controlling export of WOOL

  • Royal charter: 1319 (existed before)
  • Beginning to decline under Henry VII (wool export replaced with cloth)
  • Main shipping route: East-coast English ports - Calais - Europe
23
Q

Who were the Merchant Adventurers?

A

Merchants controlling export of CLOTH

  • Royal charter: 1407
  • Beginning to peak under Henry VII (wool export replaced with cloth)
  • Positive relationship with Crown: had influence in trade treaties
  • Declined in 17thC when Parliament stripped privileges
  • Main shipping route: London - Antwerp - Europe
24
Q

Who were the Merchants of the Hanse (Hanseatic League)?

A

Collection of merchant communities from North + Central Europe monopolising (controlling) trade

  • Formed: 1356
  • Peaked 13thC-15thC
  • England’s biggest competition (English forced to forfeit Baltic area)
25
Q

What was Henry VII’s relationship with the Hanseatic League?

A

Pre-1504: Tried to remove them + promote Merchant Adventurers:
- E.g. 1487: Banned cloth exports by foreign merchants

1504: Had to reassert the power of the Hanseatic League to prevent them offering support to the Yorkist Edmund de la Pole

Post-1504: English merchants had to accept their inferior status in Baltics

26
Q

How did Henry VII try to boost English trade?

A

Trade laws + clauses in other treaties

  • The Navigation Acts (1485 + 1489)
  • Clause in Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489)
  • Clause in Treaty of Etaples (1492)
  • Intercursus Magnus (1496)
  • Intercursus Malus (1506)
27
Q

What actions did Henry VII take that limited trade, showing his priority: his own security?

A
  • Trade embargo with Netherlands (1493-1496)

- Reassertion of Hanseatic League (1504)

28
Q

What were the Navigation Acts? How did they help trade?

A

The Navigation Acts (1485+1489)

  • Banned foreign ships from exporting certain English goods
  • Encouraged English shipbuilding + shipping
  • Success: Partial. BUT 50% exports still from foreign ships by end of Henry VII’s reign (1509)
29
Q

What was the clause in the Treaty of Medina del Campo that helped trade?

A

Clause in Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489)

  • Affected trade with Spain
  • Hoped to open new Spanish trading markets with reduced tariffs
  • Success: Low. Focused on marriage alliance not trade.
30
Q

What was the clause in the Treaty of Etaples that helped trade?

A

Clause in Treaty of Etaples (1492)

  • Affected trade with France
  • Hoped to improve commercial relationship, including trade, as France had restricted English trade when England backed Brittany in Breton Crisis
  • Success: High. Restrictions eased + completely removed in 1495.
31
Q

What was the Intercursus Magnus? How did it help with trade?

A

Intercursus Magnus (1496)

  • Affected trade with Netherlands (and rest of Europe - Antwerp)
  • Ended trade embargo and allowed trade to anywhere within Philip Duke of Burgundy’s lands (Burgundy + Netherlands) excluding Flanders
  • Success: High. Restored important export routes for English cloth trade.
32
Q

What was the Intercursus Malus? How did it help with trade?

A

Intercursus Malus (1506)

  • Hoped to improve trade by giving English merchants huge trading privileges over the Burgundians
  • Success: None. Never ratified, restored to Magnus following year.
33
Q

Was trade successful under Henry VII?

A

Mainly unsuccessful

  • Wasn’t yet a primary source of Crown revenue
  • Security had been placed above trade priorities (Embargo + Reassertion of Hanseatic League)

Didn’t get worse, just limited progress
- Treaty of Etaples + Intercursus Magnus restored previous conditions

34
Q

Which nations did the most overseas exploration under the reign of Henry VII?

A

Spain + Portugal

English much less

35
Q

Was Henry VII interested in exploration? Why?

A
  • Yes (funded some explorers, e.g. the Cabots)

- Potential to gain new land + economic benefits.

36
Q

Was Henry VIII interested in exploration?

A

No

37
Q

Who was John Cabot?

A
  • Fishing merchant based in Bristol
  • Went on expedition to search for new fishing grounds (1497)
  • Encouraged by Henry VII: “search out any isles…unknown to Christians”
  • Received limited funding from Crown (£50)
  • Discovered Newfoundland + reported existence of extensive fishing grounds
  • Never returned from his second voyage (1498)
  • His lands became dominated by Spanish + Portuguese fishermen
38
Q

Who was Sebastian Cabot?

A
  • Son of John Cabot
  • Went on expedition to search for North West Passage (1508)
  • Wanted to increase trade with Asia for spices + other goods
  • Received even lower funding than John (less than £50)
  • Unsuccessful
39
Q

What changes to coinage did Henry VII make?

A
  • Introduced new coins, e.g. ‘Ryal’ (10 shillings)

- Introduced first coin to have English monarch on (shilling), in the same style as Maximilian I

40
Q

What impact did Henry VII’s changes to coinage have?

A
  • Allowed for economic growth

- Circulated message that King was in power (publicity)

41
Q

How prosperous was England under Henry VII?

A

Fairly prosperous showing some signs of growth with cloth leading way, but still economically far below the superpowers

  • England’s average Crown income in 1509: £113,000
  • France’s average Crown income: £800,000
42
Q

Why did England’s prosperity fluctuate?

A

England heavily relied on agriculture, so farming caused fluctuations
- Usually: 1/4 harvests deficient, 1/6 harvests really bad

Trade Embargo 1493-6

43
Q

Did Henry VII encourage trade? Why?

A

Yes (but still prioritised Crown security)

  • Partly desire to increase wealth
  • Partly ability to increase security in some cases, by working with other countries

History - The Tudors - Henry VII (6 decks)

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