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History - The Tudors - Henry VII > 3 - Foreign Policy > Flashcards

3 - Foreign Policy Flashcards

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1
Q

Did Henry VII have a defensive or attacking foreign policy?

A

Defensive
(‘Throughout his reign Henry VII’s foreign policy was defensive’ - John Guy)
Trying to maintain peace with foreign powers not wage war
(‘He was more inclined to peace than war’ - Polydore Vergil)

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2
Q

What were Henry VII’s main foreign policy aims?

A

Henry VII Sought Real Power

  • SECURITY (England was a minor power + he was vulnerable)
  • RECOGNITION (From superpowers: France, Spain, HRE)
  • PROSPERITY (Through trade + pensions)
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3
Q

What are the foreign powers we need to consider (listed in order of increasing power)?

A
  • Ireland
  • Scotland
  • Brittany
  • Burgundy
  • Spain
  • Holy Roman Empire
  • France
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4
Q

What was Brittany + who was ruling it at start of Henry VII’s reign?

A
  • A fiefdom (area of feudal rule) in France

- Ruled by Duke Francis II

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5
Q

What were the main aspects of Henry VII’s foreign policy in Brittany + France?

A
  • Truce (1485-1489)
  • Anti-French Alliance (1489) + Treaty of Redon (1489) + Breton Crisis (1487-91)
  • Treaty of Etaples (1492)
  • The Holy League (1496)
  • League of Cambrai (1508)
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6
Q

When was the Breton Crisis?

A

1487-1491

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7
Q

What was the Breton Crisis?

A
  • France wanted to absorb the Duchy of Brittany, but Brittany wanted to remain independent
  • Duke Francis died in 1488, leaving only female heir Duchess Anne, providing opportunity for French to seize power
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8
Q

Who became the leader of Burgundy after Duke Francis II died in 1488?

A

Duchess Anne

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9
Q

Who was the leader of France at the start of Henry VII’s reign?

A

Charles VIII

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10
Q

What was Henry VII’s approach to the Breton Crisis?

A

Wanted to support Brittany in remaining independent

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11
Q

Why did Henry VII want to support Brittany in the Breton Crisis?

A
  • To repay them from harbouring him during exile
  • To decrease the power/threat of the French (as they would then control all of channel border apart from Calais)
  • To please other foreign powers supporting Brittany
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12
Q

Which foreign powers backed Brittany during the Breton Crisis?

A
  • England/Henry VII
  • Spain/King Ferdinand (wanted to reduce French power)
  • Holy Roman Empire/Maximilian I (married to Anne by-proxy in 1490)

(Brittany, England, Spain, HRE - Signed 1489 Anti-French Alliance)

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13
Q

What is marriage-by-proxy?

A

Marriage when one or both of the partners are not present

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14
Q

How did Henry VII support Brittany during the Breton Crisis?

A

Treaty of Redon (1489)

  • Between Henry VII + Duchess Anne (Brittany)
  • Henry VII: would send 6000 troops to defend Brittany against French
  • Duchess Anne: would pay Henry
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15
Q

What was the result of the Breton Crisis?

A
  • In 1491 Anne surrendered to the French + married Charles VIII
  • Brittany no longer had independence
  • English troops marooned in Brittany
  • Maximilian lost his marriage-by-proxy
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16
Q

Why did Duchess Anne surrender to Charles VIII in the Breton Crisis?

A

Feared the outcome of persistent resistance to the French

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17
Q

What did Henry VII do after the Breton Crisis regarding relations with France? Why?

A
  • In 1492 he invaded France (Bolougne) with 26,000 men

- Knew that Charles VIII was preoccupied with Italy, so would seek peace

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18
Q

What was the result of the 1492 French invasion?

A

Treaty of Etaples (1492)

  • Between Henry VII + Charles VIII (France)
  • Henry VII: would withdraw troops from Brittany + France
  • Charles VIII: would refund invasion (annual pension of 50,000 crowns - as in 1475 Treaty of Picquigny)+ would stop harbouring pretenders (Warbeck)
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19
Q

What countries did Henry VII immediately sign truces with upon his accession?

A

France: 1485, 1 year truce, extended to 1489
Scotland: 1486, 3 year truce to 1489

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20
Q

Was Henry VII’s foreign policy regarding Brittany + France successful?

A
  • Initial failure: despite having truce with France, this was only temporary + Henry immediately ruined relations by joining the Anti-French Alliance (1489) + supporting Brittany in the Breton Crisis, which wasn’t even successful
  • Became successful after 1492: gained security from France + pension via Treaty of Etaples, never had issues with France after 1492 (despite joining 1496 Holy League)
  • At very end of reign: slight threat from not being included in League of Cambrai superpower alliance (1508)
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21
Q

Why did Henry VII have some doubts about supporting Brittany in the Breton Crisis?

A
  • Had a truce with France until 1489
  • Brittany was in the weaker position
  • France were very powerful, potential for diplomatic isolation if he upset them
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22
Q

What was the Holy League? When was it? How did it affect England’s relationship with France?

A

Holy League (1496)

  • Alliance of France’s rivals during the Italian Wars
  • Despite joining it, England remained neutral in the Italian Wars
  • Did not negatively affect England’s stable relationship with France
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23
Q

What was the League of Cambrai? When was it? How did it affect England’s relationship with France, Spain + Holy Roman Empire?

A

League of Cambrai (1508)

  • Between: Papacy (Pope Julius II), HRE (Maximilian I), France (Louis XII), Spain (Ferdinand)
  • Alliance
  • Henry was excluded
  • Suggested that although he didn’t have a bad relationship with any powers (other than Spain), he wasn’t completely secure + unthreatened
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24
Q

What were the main aspects of Henry VII’s foreign policy in Burgundy, the Netherlands + the Holy Roman Empire?

A
  • Trade embargo (1493-6)
  • Intercursus Magnus (1496)
  • Treaty of Windsor + Intercursus Malus (1506)
  • League of Cambrai (1508)
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25
Q

Who was the leader of Burgundy, Netherlands + Holy Roman Empire at start of Henry VII’s reign?

A

Burgundy + Netherlands: Under control of Margaret of Burgundy (after Charles the Bold died in 1477), protected by Maximilian I (married Margaret’s stepdaughter Mary of Burgundy in 1477)

Holy Roman Empire: Under control of Maximilian I after he was elected in 1486

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26
Q

What was the Holy Roman Empire?

A

Loose federation of approx 300 states (in modern Germany) controlled by the elected Holy Roman Emperor

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27
Q

From what family was the Holy Roman Empire almost always from?

A

Habsburg dynasty (Austrian family)

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28
Q

Who was Maximilian I?

A
  • Part of Habsburg dynasty
  • Married Mary of Burgundy (1477), gaining lots of responsibility for Burgundy + Netherlands
  • Elected Holy Roman Emperor (1486)
  • Became Holy Roman Emperor (1493)
  • Gave away his power over Burgundy + Netherlands to son Phillip (1494)
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29
Q

Who was Phillip of Burgundy?

A
  • Son of Maximilian I
  • Given control of Burgundy + Netherlands (1494)
  • Married Joanna of Castile (1496) so he became Phillip of Castile
  • Died 1506
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30
Q

Who was in control of Burgundy, Netherlands + Holy Roman Empire at end of Henry VII’s reign?

A

Burgundy + Netherlands: Control passed to Phillip in 1494

Holy Roman Empire: Continued to be controlled by Maximilian I

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31
Q

Who was Margaret of Burgundy?

A
  • Married to Charles the Bold (Duke of Burgundy)
  • Became leader of Burgundy after his death in 1477
  • Yorkist (sister of Ed IV + R.III) (harboured pretenders)
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32
Q

Why did Burgundy not like the French?

A

France wanted to annex Burgundy

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33
Q

What was the Trade Embargo with Burgundy (1493-6) + why did it happen?

A

Trade embargo with Burgundy (1493-6)

  • England would not trade with Burgundy
  • Henry VII wanted to cut off Margaret of Burgundy’s support for pretenders that was threatening his domestic security
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34
Q

Which pretenders did Margaret of Burgundy support?

A

Lambert Simnell
(Gave 2000 mercenaries for the Battle of Stoke)

Perkin Warbeck
(Welcomed him + supposedly trained him in Yorkist mannerisms)

35
Q

What was most important to Henry VII? Give evidence

A

SECURITY (not prosperity)

  • E.g. Willing to cut off important trade with Burgundy (Antwerp was essential for cloth trade) because they were supporting pretenders which threatened domestic security
36
Q

Did the trade embargo with Burgundy work?

A

Yes - Intercursus Magnus ended support of pretenders

37
Q

What was the Intercursus Magnus (1496)?

A

Intercursus Magnus (1496)

  • Between: England + Burgundy
  • England: end the trade embargo with Burgundy (apart from Flanders)
  • Burgundy: recognise Henry VII as true monarch + stop harbouring pretenders
38
Q

Why were the Netherlands +Burgundy so important for trade?

A
  • Important for cloth trade

- Essential ports for the export of English cloth to Europe, e.g Antwerp

39
Q

When did Margaret of Burgundy die?

A

1503

40
Q

What circumstance allowed Henry VII to negotiate the Treaty of Windsor + Intercursus Malus with Phillip?

A

Phillip + Joanna shipwrecked in England in 1506

41
Q

What was the Treaty of Windsor (1506)?

A

Treaty of Windsor (1506)

  • Between: Henry VII + Phillip of Castile
  • England: support Phillip + Joanna’s claim to the Spanish throne in the Castilian Succession Crisis, Henry VII potentially marry Phillip’s sister Margaret Dower Duchess of Savoy
  • Phillip: hand over Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk
  • Both: also negotiate the Intercursus Malus
42
Q

What was the Intercursus Malus (1506)?

A

Intercursus Malus (1506)

  • Between: Henry VII + Phillip
  • Trading aspect of the Treaty of Windsor
  • Aimed to improve trade to benefit English merchants
  • Never ratified
43
Q

When was the Intercursus Magnus ratified?

A

1499

44
Q

When was the Intercursus Malus ratified?

A

Never

45
Q

Was Henry VII’s foreign policy regarding Burgundy, Netherlands + Holy Roman Empire successful?

A
  • In short term: unsuccessful, as England suffered economic losses (from 3 yr trade embargo + lending money to leaders)
  • In long term: successful, gained recognition from leaders, stopped harbouring of pretenders + regained the threat Edmund de la Pole
  • At very end of reign: slight threat from not being included in League of Cambrai superpower alliance (1508)
46
Q

Give evidence that Henry VII lent money to the leaders of Burgundy/Netherlands/HRE?

A

1505: Lent Phillip of Castile £138,000

1505-09: Lent Habsburgs £342,000

47
Q

What were the main aspects of Henry VII’s foreign policy in Spain?

A
  • Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489)
  • Marriage of Arthur + Catherine (1501)
  • Death of Arthur + proposal for Catherine’s new marriage to Henry (1502)
  • Death of Isabella + start of Castilian Succession Crisis (1504)
  • Treaty of Windsor + Phillip’s death + end of Castilian Succession Crisis with Ferdinand the successor (1506)
  • League of Cambrai (1508)
48
Q

Who was the leader of Spain at the start of Henry VII’s reign?

A
  • Spain was divided into 2 kingdoms
  • Most important kingdoms (Aragon + Castile) were ruled over by the married leaders: King Ferdinand of Aragon + Queen Isabella of Castile
49
Q

What was the Treaty of Medina del Campo?

A

Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489)

  • Between: England + Spain
  • Both agreed: mutual protection, no harbouring of rebels/pretenders, marriage of Prince Arthur + Princess Catherine
50
Q

When did Prince Arthur marry Princess Catherine?

A

1501

51
Q

When did Prince Arthur die? How old was he? Why did he die?

A
  • April 1502
  • Aged 15
  • Died of ‘sweating sickness’
52
Q

Who proposed the marriage of Prince Henry to Princess Catherine after the death of Arthur? Why?

A

Henry VII (Ferdinand less sure: expensive for papal dispensation + less reliant on the alliance)

  • Wanted to keep alliance with superpower
  • Wanted to keep Catherine’s dowry
53
Q

Why did it take so long for Prince Arthur + Princess Catherine to get married?

A
  • Henry VII + Ferdinand disagreed over size of Catherine’s dowry
  • Ferdinand reluctant whilst Perkin Warbeck was a serious threat
54
Q

Why did Queen Isabella’s death start the Castilian Succession Crisis (1504-06)?

A

Conflict between…

  • Joanna (Isabella’s daughter) + Philip (her husband, leader of Burgundy + Netherlands, son of HRE Maximilian I)
  • Ferdinand (Isabella’s husband, leader of Aragon)
55
Q

Henry actually suggested to the French the formation of the League of Cambrai, but what was his intention for it?

A

An anti-Spanish alliance

56
Q

When and why did Henry VII start to regret his proposal of a new marriage between Prince Henry + Princess Catherine?

A
  • 1504

- Death of Isabella meant Ferdinand’s position in Spain was insecure + marriage potentially wouldn’t be as valuable

57
Q

Who did Henry VII support in the Castilian Succession Crisis? When did this become apparent?

A
  • Chose to support: Joanna + Phillip

- Became apparent: Treaty of Windsor (1506)

58
Q

Who won the Castilian Succession Crisis? Why?

A
  • Ferdinand (became regent of Castile) (1506)

- Philip died (1506), leaving only Joanna, who Ferdinand was able to discredit by saying she was ‘mad’ with grief

59
Q

Was Henry VII’s foreign policy regarding Spain successful?

A
  • Until 1506: successful. No harbouring of pretenders, agreed mutual support, royal marriage (+ plans for a second)
  • After 1506: unsuccessful. No second royal marriage, tensions with Ferdinand, England increasingly isolated from politics (BUT - HAD LAID FOUNDATIONS FOR MARRIAGE IN NEXT TUDOR REIGN)
60
Q

What impact did Ferdinand winning the Succession Crisis have on Anglo-Spanish relations in the last years of Henry VII’s reign?

A

Weakened relationship

  • Ferdinand was angered by Henry’s lack of support
  • Ferdinand ensured Catherine wouldn’t marry Prince Henry in Henry VII’s lifetime
  • England became increasingly politically isolated (League of Cambrai, etc)
61
Q

Who was the leader of Scotland at the start of Henry VII’s reign?

A

James IV (minor until 1495)

62
Q

What were the main aspects of Henry VII’s foreign policy in Scotland?

A
  • Truce (1485-88)
  • Tension (1485-95)
  • James IV supported Perkin Warbeck (1495)
  • James IV + Warbeck failed English invasion (1496)
  • Truce of Ayton (1497)
  • Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1502)
  • Marriage of James IV + Princess Margaret (1503)
63
Q

What is evidence that James IV supported Perkin Warbeck?

A

Offered him: hospitality, pension, marriage (Lady Catherine Gordon - cousin of King)

64
Q

Why did James IV + Perkin Warbeck’s 1496 English invasion fail?

A

Lack of northern support

65
Q

What was the Truce of Ayton?

A

Truce of Ayton (1497)

  • Stopped cross border conflicts
  • Suggested marriage of James IV + Princess Margaret (King’s daughter)
66
Q

What was the formalised version of the Truce of Ayton?

A

Treaty of Perpetual Peace

67
Q

What was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace?

A

Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1502)

  • Formalised the Truce of Ayton into peace agreement between England + Scotland
  • Sanctioned for royal marriage of James IV + Princess Margaret next yr
68
Q

Was Henry VII’s foreign policy regarding Scotland successful?

A

Yes - managed to replace traditional enemy (which was a threat due to close proximity) with agreement of peace and no harbouring of pretenders, solidified with royal marriage

69
Q

Was Henry VII’s foreign policy regarding Ireland successful?

A
  • Pre-1494: Unsuccessful. Lack of control + harboured pretenders.
  • 1494-6: Partial success. More control under Poynings + his army, but unsustainably expensive.
  • Post-1494: Partial success. Ireland didn’t cause any issues for Henry, but if Earl of Kildare had decided to rebel this would have been a great issue
70
Q

What were the main aspects of Henry VII’s foreign policy in Ireland?

A
  • Lack of control (pre-1494)
  • Kildare attainted + replaced with Poynings + army (1494)
  • Poyning’s Law (1495)
  • Kildare reinstated (1496)
  • Slight increase in control (post-1496)
71
Q

Who was the leader of Ireland at the start of Henry VII’s reign?

A
  • Henry VII was technically leader, but controlled only ‘the Pale’ (area around Dublin)
  • ‘Beyond the Pale’: controlled by independent chieftains
72
Q

Who was the most important independent chieftain holding power ‘Beyond the Pale’ in Ireland at start of Henry VII’s reign?

A

Earl of Kildare (a Fitzgerald)

73
Q

Why did Henry VII attaint + remove Earl of Kildare from Ireland in 1494?

A

Suspicious…

  • Had Yorkist sympathies
  • Had supported pretenders: Simnell (crowned 1487) + Warbeck
74
Q

Who did Henry VII implement to try to increase control in Ireland?

A
  • Sir Edward Poynings

- (Also made young Prince Henry official ‘Lieutenant of Ireland’)

75
Q

What was Poyning’s Law?

A

Poyning’s Law (1495)

  • Attempt to implement English legislation in Ireland
  • Irish Parliament unable to pass laws without English gov approval
76
Q

Why was Kildare reinstated in Ireland (1496)?

A

Cheaper

  • Expensive to keep non-local leaders overseeing Ireland
  • Had other costs at the time, e.g. needed to raise army against Scots
77
Q

How was the Earl of Kildare rewarded for remaining loyal for the rest of Henry VII’s reign?

A

Made Knight of the Garter (prestige) in 1504

78
Q

How many children did Henry VII have? How many survived to adulthood? Names?

A
  • 8 children

- 4 survived to adulthood: Arthur, Margaret, Henry, Mary

79
Q

Until when was the Tudor succession seen as secure? Why did it become insecure?

A

Secure until 1502/3

  • 1502: Eldest son Arthur died of sweating sickness (loss of heir)
  • 1503: Wife Elizabeth of York died in childbirth (no more children)
80
Q

Did Henry VII attempt to remarry after 1503 death of wife?

A

Yes, but never did

- E.g. Suggestion of marriage to Philip’s sister Dowager Duchess Margaret of Savoy (Treaty of Windsor-1506)

81
Q

How did Henry VII use marriages?

A

To strengthen alliances with foreign powers

82
Q

Give examples of marriage alliances used by Henry VII

A
  • Spain: Arthur/Henry + Catherine

- Scotland: Princess Margaret + King James IV

83
Q

What happened during the accession of Henry VIII to the throne?

A
  • Henry VII died (21st April 1509)
  • Death kept secret for 2 days so nobody would take advantage of unstable throne
  • Henry VIII announced King (23rd April 1509)
  • Troublemakers arrested (24th April 1509)

History - The Tudors - Henry VII (6 decks)

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