1 - Consolidation Of Power Flashcards
What was the War of the Roses?
Intermittent civil war between the rivalling political factions of York and Lancaster, who were both descendants of Edward III and whose house heads believed they deserved the throne, rather than their brother (Black Prince’s) son
When was the War of the Roses?
1455-1487
- Started during weak reign of Henry VI
- Ended when Yorkists shut down at Battle of Stoke by Henry VII
List the changes in leadership after Edward III (1327-1377)
- Richard II (Y)(Ed.III’s grandson, son of dead eldest son Black Prince)
- Henry IV (L)(Usurped throne from cousin)
- Henry V (L)
- Henry VI (L)(Weak King - bouts of madness)
- Edward IV (Y)(Usurped throne)
- Henry VI (L) (Reinstated to power for a year)
- Edward IV (Y)
- Edward V (Y)
- Richard III (Y)
- Henry VII (L - T)
When was Edward IV king?
1461-1483 (Gap for one year in 1470-1)
When was Edward V King?
1483
When was Richard III King?
1483-1485
When was Henry VII King?
1485-1509
What was Henry VII’s claim to the throne?
Strongest claim through mother:
- Son of Margaret Beaufort
- Beauforts were descendants of John of Gaunt, through his illegitimate children with Katherine Swynford
- Richard II had legitimised the Beauforts in 1397 parliamentary act ‘Letters Patent’
Weaker claim through father:
- Son of Edmund Tudor
- Edmund Tudor was son of Owen Tudor, who married Henry V’s widow
Which faction was Henry VII from?
Lancaster
He was the last Lancastrian claimant
When was the Battle of Bosworth?
22nd August 1485
What were the three key forces in the Battle of Bosworth?
- Richard III
- Henry Tudor
- The Stanleys (Lord Thomas Stanley + younger brother William Stanley)
Who is Lord Thomas Stanley?
- Nobleman
- Husband of Margaret Beaufort
What advantages did Richard III have entering the Battle of Bosworth?
- Closer blood claim (brother of Ed IV, uncle of Ed V)
- Current King defending title
- 10-15,000 men
- Some internal support/power (warned of Welsh invasion)
- Chance of gaining support from the Stanleys (imprisoned Lord Strange)
What disadvantages did Richard III have entering the Battle of Bosworth?
- Popularity reducing (disappearing princes + executions of the Woodvilles)
- Less close ties to Stanleys (support not guaranteed)
What were the advantages of Henry Tudor entering the Battle of Bosworth?
- Offered a new, stable start after turbulent War of the Roses (particularly as he agreed to unite factions by marrying E.of Y)
- Internal support (e.g. Rhys ap Thomas, Welsh landowner, provided 1800-2000 men to Henry at Bosworth)
- External support (Charles VIII of France provided Philibert le Chandee + 1800 mercenaries)
- Greater tie to Stanleys (stepson)
What were the disadvantages of Henry Tudor entering the Battle of Bosworth?
- Weak claim to the throne: previously illegitimate female line
- 5000 men
- Not living in England or familiar with the country
At what age, for how long and where did Henry Tudor enter exile?
- Age 14
- For 14 years (1471-1485)
- In Brittany
Why did Henry Tudor go into exile?
When he became the last Lancastrian claimant (vulnerable) at the Battle of Tewkesbury
What was the role of the Stanleys in the Battle of Bosworth?
- 5000 men
- Entered battle with no clear allegiance (Henry’s stepfather + Lord Strange captured)
Why is it likely that the Stanleys chose to support Henry at Bosworth?
Meeting at Atherstone before battle + Henry appeared as underdog
Who was Lord Strange?
Eldest son of Lord Thomas Stanley
Outline the events of the Battle of Bosworth
- Troops lined up at Bosworth Field
- Henry + Richard’s troops engaged (Stanleys did not engage)
- Henry sent men to the Stanleys (hope to recruit them?)
- Richard sent men to attack Henry’s men on their way
- Stanleys saved Henry + continued to fight on his side, defeating Richard
Outline the results of the Battle of Bosworth?
- Richard III killed + naked body paraded around Leicester
- Henry Tudor crowned Henry VII informally at battle by L.Stanley
- Henry Tudor crowned Henry VII formally at 30th Oct coronation
Name some character traits of Henry VII
- Shrewd
- Cautious
- Multi-lingual
- Eager for money and dealt with it well
What life experiences shaped Henry VII’s character?
- Exile: brought about shrewd, cautious, multi-lingual traits
- Observation of other rulers: financial skills - saw how money could be used when Louis XI paid Ed IV 75,000 crowns + and a 50,000 crown pension to end the 100 years war (Treaty of Picquigny -1475)
What was Henry VII’s immediate aims upon his accession?
- Consolidate power (by: dealing with domestic and foreign threats to throne + gaining financial security)
- Grow a dynasty
What steps did Henry VII take immediately after usurping the throne, in order to consolidate his power?
- Dated reign from 21st Aug (day before Bosworth) to allow traitors to be subject to attainders
- Publicly rewarded key supporters: 11 knighthoods, other positions
- Dealt with greatest threats: Earl of Warwick (prison) + E.of.Y (M.Beaufort) + John de la Pole (swore allegiance + joined Council)
- Placed clergymen temporarily in charge (good administrators, removed need to trust nobles)
Who was Elizabeth of York?
- Daughter of Ed IV + Eliz.Woodville
- Symbolised the Yorkist faction
- Married Henry VII on 18th Jan 1486 to unite the warring factions
How did the marriage between Henry VII + E.of.Y unfold?
- 25th Dec 1483: Henry pledges to marry her
- 23rd Jan 1484: R.III passes ‘Titulus Regis’ making marriage between Ed IV + E.Woodville void, illegitimising E.of.York
- 18th Jan 1485: Henry marries E.of.York after: reversing illegitimization, getting papal dispensation to bypass 12 degrees of consanguinity, courting + ensuring he is ruler in his own right
What steps did Henry VII take shortly after usurping the throne, in order to consolidate his power?
- Began progress across the country
- Coronation (30th Oct)(lavish but not too expensive)
- First parliament (7th Nov)(passed acts to further power)
- Married Elizabeth of York (Jan 1486)(to unite houses + reduce enemies)
What steps did Henry VII take a while after usurping the throne, in order to consolidate his power?
- Produced an heir to start dynasty (Prince Arthur born in Sept 1486)
- Installed Tudor propaganda (portcullis, Cadwallador’s dragon, rose)
What Tudor propaganda did Henry VII implement in order to portray himself as the rightful King?
- Beaufort portcullis in Westminster (showed Beaufort descent)
- Cadwallader’s dragon in designs (showed his claim to be a descendant from the ancient Welsh Kings)
- Tudor Rose (showed unity between York + Lancaster)
- Coin, known as ‘Sovereign Coinage’, with him on throne + shield on reverse (showed his power to commoners)
Why did Henry VII start a progress across the country?
- Inspired by Edward IV (progressed after Battle of Barnet 1471)
- Acts as publicity
- Displays bravery (confidence to go to North, etc, where he was opposed)
Why did Henry VII have his first parliament on 7th Nov 1485?
- Waited until after coronation (prove he wasn’t king due to parliamentary sanction)
- Didn’t wait too long (wanted to pass acts to increase security + power)
What did Henry VII do in his first parliament to help consolidate his power?
- Passed Acts of Attainder against Yorkists who fought at Bosworth (to gain their land = power)
- Gained Tonnage + Poundage for life (financial strength)
- Passed Act of Retainer (limit strength of threats)
- Got parliament to approve his marriage plans
What were the different groups that Henry VII had to consolidate his power over?
- Nobles
- Pretenders
- Public
- Foreign powers