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History - The Tudors - Henry VII > 2 - Government > Flashcards

2 - Government Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five main aspects of Henry VII’s government?

A
  • The Council
  • The Household
  • Parliament
  • Maintenance of law + order (regionally + locally)
  • Maintenance of finances (ordinary + extraordinary revenue)
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2
Q

Did you have to be a member of government to advise the King?

A

No

- E.g. Loades argued Margaret Beaufort provided most advice

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3
Q

Who were the members of the Council?

A
  • 227 members in total
  • Far fewer regularly attended meetings: smaller ‘Privy Council’ group
  • 3 types of councillors:
    NOBLES - e.g. Lord Daubeney (rarely great magnates)
    CHURCHMEN - e.g. John Morton + Richard Fox (good administrators)
    LAYMEN - e.g. Sir Reginald Bray + Edmund Dudley (skilled gentry/Lawyers)
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4
Q

What was the purpose of the Council?

A
  • To advise the King
  • To make legal judgements
  • To administer on the King’s behalf
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5
Q

Why did the Council have offshoots?

A

To deal with more specific matters

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6
Q

What are some examples of Council offshoots?

A
  • Council Learned in the Law (financial role)

- Court of Star Chamber (implementing law on nobles)

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7
Q

When was the Council Learned in the Law formed?

A

1495

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8
Q

What are prerogative rights?

A

Powers of monarch that can be implemented without parliamentary approval

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9
Q

What was the purpose of the Council Learned in the Law?

A
  • Raise revenue through bonds + recognisances
  • Collect feudal dues
    (Exploit the King’s prerogative to raise as much revenue as possible)
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10
Q

Why was the Council Learned in the Law disliked?

A

Feared due to strictness of prerogative rights enforcement

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11
Q

Who were the leaders of the Council Learned in the Law?

A
  • Sir Reginald Bray (until death in 1503 - then replaced with Edmund Dudley)
  • Richard Empson
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12
Q

How did the Council Learned in the Law change when Dudley joined?

A

Records tripled

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13
Q

How did historian Penn describe the public opinion of the Council Learned in the Law?

A

“Fear, frustration and anger”

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14
Q

What happened to Empson + Dudley?

A

Executed for fraud upon the accession of Henry VIII - to new King from the negative elements of Henry VII’s reign

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15
Q

What was the purpose of the Household?

A
  • To move with + cater for the King

- To impress visitors

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16
Q

Who were the members of the Household?

A
  • The King
  • Courtiers (attendees of royal court as companions/advisers to King)
  • Servants
  • Visitors
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17
Q

What were the different aspects of the Household?

A
  • Household proper
  • Chamber
  • Privy chamber
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18
Q

What is the Household proper?

A
  • Servants, overseen by Lord Steward

- Care for + cater for King, courtiers + visitors

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19
Q

What is the Chamber?

A
  • Courtiers + guests, overseen by Lord Chamberlain

- Politically important part of household, influencing King

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20
Q

What is the Privy Chamber?

A
  • Made up of most intimate servants + advisors (allowed proximity to King due to their personal skill + loyalty)
  • Most influence over King, as in closest proximity
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21
Q

How did the Privy Chamber’s creation impact how easy it was to influence King?

A

Became much harder - King shut off to most courtiers

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22
Q

When was the Privy Chamber created?

A

1495

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23
Q

Why was the Privy Chamber created?

A
  • King shaken by Sir William Stanley’s treasonous involvement with Perkin Warbeck
  • Increased protection of King, as access to him was limited to those who were most trusted
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24
Q

List 7 members of Henry VII’s Privy Chamber

A
  • Lord Daubeney
  • Sir Thomas Lovell
  • John Morton
  • Richard Fox
  • Sir Reginald Bray
  • Edmund Dudley
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25
Q

What is a personal monarchy?

A

Power/status of individual is dependent on their personal relationship with the monarch

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26
Q

Why was it a reward to become part of the King’s Household?

A
  • Taken care of (e.g. fed)

- Opportunity to gain King’s favour

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27
Q

How many times did Henry VII call Parliament?

A

7

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28
Q

When did Henry VII call Parliament?

A
  • First 10 yrs of reign: 5 times

- Last 14yrs of reign: 2 times

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29
Q

What was the purpose of Parliament?

A
  • Taxation
  • Legislation
  • Consultation
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30
Q

Why did Henry VII call Parliament less at end of reign?

A
  • Financial security increased
  • Legislation in place
  • Relied little on Parliament for consultation
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31
Q

What were the two types of members of Parliament?

A 
House of Commons: 
- 2 MPs from each county/borough 
- 1 MP for Oxford Uni 
- 1 MP for Cambridge Uni 
House of Lords: 
- Lords Spiritual (bishops/abbots of major religious houses) 
- Lords Temporal (nobles)
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32
Q

Who voted for the MPs in the House of Commons?

A

‘Forty shilling freeholder’ (men of property)

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33
Q

After what point was it decided that parliamentary acts had to be passed by Commons + Lords?

A

1489

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34
Q

What was the Great Council?

A

Just the House of Lords

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35
Q

How many times was the Great Council called by Henry VII? Give example

A
  • 5
  • Usually to get noble support (Lords Temporal)
  • E.g. Before Battle of Stoke (1487)
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36
Q

What was the least frequent part of government?

A

Parliament

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37
Q

How was Parliament used for taxation?

A
  • Traditional tax: ‘fifteenths and tenths’

- Extraordinary revenue approval: fund wars/rebellion suppression (e.g. to fund Breton Crisis)

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38
Q

How was Parliament used for legislation?

A
  • Laws for national security (e.g. Acts of Attainder - first parliament)
  • Laws for raising revenue (e.g. Tonnage + Poundage - first parliament)
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39
Q

How was Parliament used for consultation?

A
  • Gain parliamentary approval occasionally (e.g. first parliament - approve marriage to E.of.Y)
  • Gain support of members, often through offshoot Great Council
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40
Q

What was Parliament most important for?

A

Making nationwide, blanket laws (not finer detail gov)

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41
Q

Who did Henry VII rely on to maintain law + order regionally?

A

Nobility (magnates + less powerful nobility)

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42
Q

What happened to many magnates during the War of the Roses?

A

Lost power + land returned to crown

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43
Q

Who did Henry VII have most faith in maintaining law + order regionally?

A
  • Less powerful nobility (preferably who had proven loyalty)

- Less trusting towards powerful magnates, but needed them in some cases, to keep some continuity in regional rule

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44
Q

Give some examples of powerful magnates + which regions they were responsible for maintaining law + order in

A
  • The Stanleys (NW England)

- Earl of Northumberland, then Earl of Surrey after 1489 (NE England)

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45
Q

Which area of the country had most magnate control?

A

North

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46
Q

Give some examples of less powerful, more trusted nobles

A
  • Earl of Oxford

- Lord Daubeney

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47
Q

Who did Henry VII rely on to maintain law + order locally?

A
  • JPs (increased role - held most local power)

- Sheriffs (decreased role in favour of JPs)

48
Q

What were JPs?

A

‘Justices of the Peace’

  • Used to maintain law + order on local scale
  • Mainly unpaid local gentry
  • Had individual powers, which they could use in ‘Petty Sessions’, e.g. deal with complaints about local officials
  • Met 4 times a year in ‘Quarter Sessions’ where they could make powerful decisions, e.g. death penalty
49
Q

What were Sheriffs?

A
  • Used to maintain law + order on a local scale
  • Responsible for some peace keeping, e.g. running county jail + overseeing elections
  • Slowly being phased out in favour of JPs
50
Q

What were the main, central courts used to implement justice?

A
  • King’s Bench (superior criminal jurisdictions, e.g. appeals)
  • Common Pleas (major civil cases)
  • Exchequer (cases involving royal money)
51
Q

What were the main, local courts used to implement justice?

A
  • Courts of Assize (local major criminal + civil cases heard twice a year by crown-appointed judges from Westminster)
  • Quarter Sessions (local less severe criminal + civil cases heard four times a year by local JPs)
52
Q

Give 3 examples of other, specialist courts

A
  • Church courts
  • Special commissions courts (ad hoc for major issues, e.g. rebellion)
  • Chancery + equity courts (ruled on fairness not strict law)
53
Q

What was Henry VII’s financial aim?

A

To be financially SOLVENT (Income matched expenses)

54
Q

What treasury did Henry VII inherit?

A

A bankrupt treasury

55
Q

What treasury did Henry VII leave behind?

A

Solvent treasury

  • approx £10,000 cash
  • approx £300,000 plate + jewels
56
Q

How much did Bacon claim Henry VII left behind in treasury? Was this an underestimate or overestimate?

A
  • Overestimate

- £1.8 mill

57
Q

How was Henry VII’s financial attitude viewed?

A

Criticised by many (particularly at time) for being too greedy

  • Bacon
  • Lord Mountjoy wrote “such extreme greed is now dead”

Some believe he was justifiably cautious towards £, after poor exile
- John Guy

Most at least recognise some extortion, e.g. through Council Learned

58
Q

Did Henry VII improve royal finances?

A

Yes - achieved financial solvency despite inheriting bankruptcy

BUT - This was at the expense of some of his likeability

59
Q

How did Henry VII deal with royal finances + how did this change over time?

A
  • Yorkist practice: use Chamber
  • Henry reverted to using Exchequer (Chamber focused elsewhere)
  • Exchequer was inefficient (annual crown income had dropped to £12,000 from £25,000 under R.III)
  • Reinstated Chamber system, led by Treasurer of the Chamber, to deal with all finances except custom duties + sheriff’s accounts
  • Chamber had become highly efficient by late 1490s (annual crown income over £100,000)
60
Q

Why was the Exchequer a bad method of dealing with royal finance?

A
  • Slow

- Less centralised

61
Q

Why was the Chamber more efficient at dealing with royal finances?

A
  • Quick
  • Centralised under monitoring of King (Henry VII often signed off royal accounts, so knew what was happening with finances)
62
Q

Which men were the Treasurers of the Chamber?

A

Lovell, then Heron

63
Q

Why did Henry VII neglect finances at the start of his reign, using inefficient Exchequer?

A

Chamber + King preoccupied with ensuring security + dealing with rebellions etc

64
Q

What were the two types of revenue Henry VII collected?

A

Ordinary + extraordinary

65
Q

What were the forms of ordinary revenue?

A
  • Crown lands
  • Feudal dues
  • Custom duties
  • Profits of justice
  • Bonds + recognisances
66
Q

What was ordinary revenue?

A

Regular income on which the Crown could rely to finance the costs of the monarchy

67
Q

How were crown lands a form of ordinary revenue?

A

Gained income from rents of the land

68
Q

By how much did crown lands increase under Henry VII?

A

Crown lands multiplied by 5

69
Q

Who was the majority landowner during the reign of Henry VII?

A

Henry VII

70
Q

By how much did annual income from crown lands increase under Henry VII?

A

£12,000 (1485) - £42,000 (1509)

71
Q

How did Henry VII increase the amount of crown lands?

A

Act of Resumption (1486 parliament)
- Crown regained all properties granted away since start of War of Roses (1455)

Other methods

  • Few relatives to bestow land (compared to Ed IV - gave lots to Woodvilles)
  • Regained relatives’ land after death (e.g. Jasper Tudor’s)
  • Attainders (regained traitors’ land)
  • Escheats (regained land if landholder died without heir)
72
Q

What was the most valuable crown land? What was its annual income + who managed it?

A

Duchy of Lancaster

  • Annual income increased from £650 to £7000
  • Managed by Sir Reginald Bray
73
Q

How were feudal dues a form of ordinary revenue?

A

Henry VII maximised enforcement of these traditional rights, which gave money to the crown in a number of circumstances

74
Q

Give 3 types of feudal dues

A
  • Wardship (all profits to crown if land owned by minor)
  • Livery (payment to recover land from a wardship)
  • Relief (payment as land inherited)
75
Q

Give an example of a feudal due being paid to Henry VII

A

Livery

  • Robert Willoughby de Broke
  • Paid £400 in 1502 to recover land from wardship
76
Q

What new officer was appointed in 1503 to help improve collection of feudal dues (a form or ordinary revenue)?

A

Master of the King’s Wards

77
Q

By how much did annual income from feudal dues increase under Henry VII?

A

£350 (1487) - £6000 (1507)

78
Q

How were custom duties a form of ordinary revenue?

A

Imports + exports taxed (tonnage + poundage - granted at first parliament)

79
Q

What was tonnage a tax on? What was poundage a tax on?

A 
Tonnage = wine
Poundage = other imports/exports
80
Q

By how much did annual income from custom duties increase under Henry VII?

A

£33,000 (1485) - £40,000 (1509)

81
Q

What fraction of Henry VII’s income was from custom duties?

A

Approx 1/3

82
Q

How did Henry VII try to tighten trade policy to increase revenue from custom duties?

A
  • Book of Rates updates twice during reign to increase monitoring
  • Merchants on English coast had to show certificate to prove taxes had been paid (1487)
  • Tried to reduce privileges of foreign merchants, e.g. tax immunities (1496)
83
Q

What was the Book of Rates?

A

Accounts of taxes paid by foreign merchants importing + selling goods in England

84
Q

How were profits of justice a form of ordinary revenue?

A
  • Payment to King for royal writs + letters (compulsory for start of court trial)
  • Payment to King as punishment for injustice (fines, attainders, etc)
85
Q

How much ordinary revenue did profits of justice raise?

A

Varied annually

86
Q

How much revenue did Henry VII gain from the attainder of William Stanley?

A

£9000 (paid in annual instalments of £1000)

87
Q

How did bonds + recognisances act as ordinary revenue?

A

Bonds - written obligations that could be punished by payment if not fulfilled
Recognisances - acknowledgments of existing debt that could be punished by payment

88
Q

How much ordinary revenue was raised by bonds? How did this change over time?

A
  • 36/62 noble families in bonds
  • £3000 in 1493
  • £35,000 in 1505 (increased with paranoia)
89
Q

Give an example of a recognisance used as ordinary revenue?

A

Viscount Beaumont of Powicke

- Given £10,000 recognisance after Bosworth

90
Q

What was extraordinary revenue?

A

Irregular income that the Crown received on particular occasions

91
Q

What were some types of extraordinary revenue?

A
  • Parliamentary grants
  • Loans + benevolences
  • Clerical taxes
  • Feudal obligations/aid
  • Foreign power pensions
92
Q

How were parliamentary grants a form of extraordinary revenue?

A

Parliament agreed to raise countrywide taxes (usually in form of fifteenths + tenths) to act as a grant for the King

93
Q

When were the three parliamentary grants under Henry VII?

A

1487: Fund Battle of Stoke
1489: Fund Breton Crisis/war against French
1496: Fund the build up of army to defend against Scots + Warbeck

94
Q

How much money was typically agreed in a parliamentary grant?

A

£30,000

95
Q

Why did Henry VII not choose to regularly get parliamentary grants?

A

Angered public, sometimes to the extent that rebellions were triggered (1497 Cornish Rebellion)

96
Q

How did fifteenths + tenths work?

A
  • Tax on 1/15 goods in rural areas

- Tax on 1/10 goods in urban areas

97
Q

Hod did loans + benevolences act as extraordinary revenue?

A

Form of ‘agreement’ (couldn’t really say no) to gift the King money in a circumstance where he needed it

98
Q

What was the difference between loans + benevolences?

A 
Loan = sum of money given to King that is repaid 
Benevolence = sum of money given to King that is NOT repaid
99
Q

Give an example of a loan

A
  • 1492
  • For Breton Crisis/fighting French
  • £100
  • From Sir Henry Vernon (rich, Derbyshire landowner)
100
Q

Give an example of a benevolence

A
  • 1491
  • For Breton Crisis/fighting French
  • £48,500 (largest benevolence)
  • General request directed at the public
101
Q

Approximately how much did Henry VII make in loans (extraordinary revenue)?

A

£203,000

102
Q

How did clerical taxes act as extraordinary revenue?

A

King received a number of payments from the church
E.g.
- Convocations often gave money alongside parliamentary grant
- Fines for simony
- Money from vacant bishoprics (Henry VII would keep the roles unfulfilled after a death for a few months to gain some revenue)

103
Q

What is a convocation?

A 
Church parliament 
(Upper = senior clerics represented) 
(Lower = parish priests represented)
104
Q

What is simony?

A

Selling Church positions

105
Q

Give an example of a convocation giving money alongside a parliamentary grant (form of clerical taxes - extraordinary revenue)

A

1489 - Gave £25,000 for Breton Crisis/fighting France

106
Q

Give an example of a fine for simony (form of clerical taxes - extraordinary revenue)

A

£300 fine for Archdeaconry of Buckingham

107
Q

Approx how much was Henry VII gaining a year from temporarily vacant bishoprics?

A

£6000 +

108
Q

How did feudal aid act as a form of extraordinary revenue?

A

Crown had right to impose taxes on certain occasions, e.g.

  • Marriage of eldest daughter (collected on marriage of Margaret)
  • Knighting of eldest son (collected £30,000 on knighting of Arthur)
109
Q

When was feudal aid restored by Henry VII so it could be used as a form of extraordinary revenue?

A

1504

110
Q

Which foreign pension was the most significant as a form of extraordinary revenue?

A

French pension

111
Q

How did Henry VII gain his French pension?

A

Part of Treaty of Etaples (1492) - as compensation for raising army

112
Q

How much was Henry VII’s French pension?

A

£159,000 (in annual instalments of £5000)

113
Q

Historically, what treaty had given England a French pension?

A

Treaty of Picquigny (1475)

114
Q

What is the New Monarchy theory? Who proposed it? When?

A

New monarchial authority established between 1471 and 1509 by Ed IV + Henry VII to restore dignity + power of the monarch

(Proposed by J.R Green in 1874)

115
Q

How did Pollard reform the new monarchy theory?

A

Said Henry VII specifically was an innovator who reestablished the monarch as the ruler of a new peaceful, controlled England.
Also recognised installation of ‘new men’ (gentry + professionals) to help the pursuit for control by reducing power of nobility.

116
Q

Give an example of a historian who opposes the new monarchy theory. What do they think?

A

Christine Carpenter
- Believed Henry VII wasn’t a great innovator, just ruler of modest ability, who wasn’t great at understanding the needs of the country

History - The Tudors - Henry VII (6 decks)

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