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Host Defense 1 > 5: Cytokines and chemokines > Flashcards

5: Cytokines and chemokines Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of cytokines (3)

A
  • regulate and mediate host immune responses via direct action on cells
  • homeostatic roles
  • activate or suppress immune activities
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2
Q

are cytokines antigen-specific in action

A

no (act on other host cells)

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3
Q

are individual cytokines made my one cell type or more than one

A

made by more than 1 cell type

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4
Q

do cytokines act on one cell type or many

A

many

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5
Q

how do cytokines interact with each other (2)

A
  • influence synthesis of other cytokines

- influence actions of other cytokines

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6
Q

4 families of cytokines

A
  • growth factors
  • interleukins
  • interferons
  • chemokines
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7
Q

what are growth factors

A

stimulators of hematopoiesis that regulate immature leukocyte growth and differentiation –> drive terminal differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors

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8
Q

examples of growth factors (4)

A
  • granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
  • macrophage-CSF
  • oncostatin M
  • interleukin-3 (IL-3)
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9
Q

what are interleukins

A

mediators and regulators of lymphocytes and leukocytes –> regulate innate and adaptive functions of immune cells

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10
Q

examples of interleukins (6)

A
  • IL-2
  • IL6
  • IL8
  • IL10
  • IL12
  • tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a)
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11
Q

what are interferons

A

mediators and regulators of antiviral and innate immunity –> activate intracellular processes that inhibit viral replicaton (interfere with viral replication)

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12
Q

examples of interferons (3)

A
  • IFN-gamma
  • IFN-alpha
  • IFN-beta
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13
Q

what are chemokines

A

chemoattractants –> regulate the directed movement of immune cells from the blood into tissues

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14
Q

examples of chemokines (4)

A
  • MIP-1a
  • IL-8
  • RANTES
  • MCP-2
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15
Q

cytokine receptors info

A
  • expressed on many cell types and show considerate regulation of expression
  • highly specific
  • receptors grouped into families
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16
Q

types of cytokine units

A
  • single subunit

- multimeric (homomultimeric and heteromultimeric)

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17
Q

how do IFN-a/b interfere with viruses (3)

A
  • activate host genes to inhibit viral RNAs and replication
  • induce MHC class I expression on the host cells
  • activate NK cells to kill virally-infected cells
18
Q

functions of IFN-gamma (2)

A
  • most potent activator of macrophage immune function

- increased microbicidal activity

19
Q

what produces IFN-gamma (2)

A

t helper cells and NK cells

20
Q

what are primary sources of IFN-a/b (3)

A

t cells, macrophages, fibroblasts

21
Q

purpose of colony-stimulating factors (CSF)

A

promote the terminal differentiation of omnipotent or polypoent progenitor cells

22
Q

4 types of colony-stimulating factors

A
  • granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
  • macrophage CSF
  • granulocyte or macrophage (GM) CSF
  • IL-7
23
Q

IL-1 info

A
  • principal regulator of the host inflammatory response
  • produced by many, esp activated macrophates and epithelial cells
  • 2 forms (IL-1a and IL-1b) with overlapping activities
24
Q

main functions of IL-1 (3)

A
  • CNS: fever, sleepiness
  • vascular endothelia: adhesion molecule expression, IF-gamma synthesis
  • hepatocytes: acute phase protein expression
25
IL-2 info and functions
- produced by activated TH1 - primary autocrine growth factor for t-cell proliferation - b cell proliferation regulation - stimulates cytotoxic t and NK cell activity - enhances macrophage function
26
what produces IL-6
activated macrophages, t cells, fibroblasts, and bone marrow stromal cells
27
functions of IL-6
- liver: induces acute phase protein expression by hepatocytes - hypothalamus: causes fever
28
IL-12 info
- influences differentiation of naive t cells toward Th1 pathway - produced by dendritic cells and macrophages - determines the type of immune response that predominates
29
tumor necrosis factor info
- principal mediator of endotoxic shock | - produced by activated macrophages and NK cells
30
functions of TNF-a
- hepatocytes: increased catabolism, acute phase protein expression, proliferation - macrophages: decreased proliferation, increased phagocytosis, IL production - tumor cells: cytolysis - endothelial cells: IL-1 production, adhesion molecule expression - fever
31
how does TNF affect vascular endothelium
activates vascular endothelium to begin process of extravasation (adhesion molecules get neutrophils out of blood to where they are needed)
32
endotoxic or septic shock
- overexpression of cytokines --> inflammation - TNF-a is the major cytokine responsible - fever, acidodis, hypotension --> multiple organ system failure --> death
33
IL-4 and IL-10 info
- principal regulators of the humoral immune response - produced by Th2 cells - activated mast cells release IL-4 from stored vesicles - anti-inflammatory
34
functions of IL-4
- t cells: promotes growth of th2 cells, enhanced proliferation, production of th2 cytokines, inhibition of th1 differentiation - macrophages: inhibits activation
35
functions of IL-10
- macrophages: inhibits activation | - t cells: inhibition of th1 differentiation
36
what cells produce chemokines
- phagocytic cells - t cells - endothelial cells - fibroblasts
37
3 types of chemokines
- IL8: chemotactic for neutrophils - MIP-1a: chemoattractant for CD8+ t cells and neutrophils - RANTES: chemoattractant for memory CD4+ t cells, eosinophils, and monocytes
38
how do b cells and t cells communicate
using cytokines for initial activation of b cells and for b cell differentiation into plasma cells
39
what else do cytokines assist in
isotype switching --> adaptive immune response
40
inhibition of organ transplant rejection
- cyclosporin A treatment | - corticosteroids to inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production
41
how do steroids inhibit inflammation
inhibit NF-kB (transcription factor) activation of cytokines --> no transcription of NFkB target genes)
42
what is anti-TNF-alpha therapy used for
treating rheumatoid arthritis (binds TNF before it can bind to receptor)

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