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Host Defense 1 > 5: Cytokines and chemokines > Flashcards

5: Cytokines and chemokines Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of cytokines (3)

A
  • regulate and mediate host immune responses via direct action on cells
  • homeostatic roles
  • activate or suppress immune activities
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2
Q

are cytokines antigen-specific in action

A

no (act on other host cells)

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3
Q

are individual cytokines made my one cell type or more than one

A

made by more than 1 cell type

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4
Q

do cytokines act on one cell type or many

A

many

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5
Q

how do cytokines interact with each other (2)

A
  • influence synthesis of other cytokines

- influence actions of other cytokines

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6
Q

4 families of cytokines

A
  • growth factors
  • interleukins
  • interferons
  • chemokines
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7
Q

what are growth factors

A

stimulators of hematopoiesis that regulate immature leukocyte growth and differentiation –> drive terminal differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors

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8
Q

examples of growth factors (4)

A
  • granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
  • macrophage-CSF
  • oncostatin M
  • interleukin-3 (IL-3)
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9
Q

what are interleukins

A

mediators and regulators of lymphocytes and leukocytes –> regulate innate and adaptive functions of immune cells

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10
Q

examples of interleukins (6)

A
  • IL-2
  • IL6
  • IL8
  • IL10
  • IL12
  • tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a)
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11
Q

what are interferons

A

mediators and regulators of antiviral and innate immunity –> activate intracellular processes that inhibit viral replicaton (interfere with viral replication)

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12
Q

examples of interferons (3)

A
  • IFN-gamma
  • IFN-alpha
  • IFN-beta
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13
Q

what are chemokines

A

chemoattractants –> regulate the directed movement of immune cells from the blood into tissues

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14
Q

examples of chemokines (4)

A
  • MIP-1a
  • IL-8
  • RANTES
  • MCP-2
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15
Q

cytokine receptors info

A
  • expressed on many cell types and show considerate regulation of expression
  • highly specific
  • receptors grouped into families
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16
Q

types of cytokine units

A
  • single subunit

- multimeric (homomultimeric and heteromultimeric)

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17
Q

how do IFN-a/b interfere with viruses (3)

A
  • activate host genes to inhibit viral RNAs and replication
  • induce MHC class I expression on the host cells
  • activate NK cells to kill virally-infected cells
18
Q

functions of IFN-gamma (2)

A
  • most potent activator of macrophage immune function

- increased microbicidal activity

19
Q

what produces IFN-gamma (2)

A

t helper cells and NK cells

20
Q

what are primary sources of IFN-a/b (3)

A

t cells, macrophages, fibroblasts

21
Q

purpose of colony-stimulating factors (CSF)

A

promote the terminal differentiation of omnipotent or polypoent progenitor cells

22
Q

4 types of colony-stimulating factors

A
  • granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
  • macrophage CSF
  • granulocyte or macrophage (GM) CSF
  • IL-7
23
Q

IL-1 info

A
  • principal regulator of the host inflammatory response
  • produced by many, esp activated macrophates and epithelial cells
  • 2 forms (IL-1a and IL-1b) with overlapping activities
24
Q

main functions of IL-1 (3)

A
  • CNS: fever, sleepiness
  • vascular endothelia: adhesion molecule expression, IF-gamma synthesis
  • hepatocytes: acute phase protein expression
25
Q

IL-2 info and functions

A
  • produced by activated TH1
  • primary autocrine growth factor for t-cell proliferation
  • b cell proliferation regulation
  • stimulates cytotoxic t and NK cell activity
  • enhances macrophage function
26
Q

what produces IL-6

A

activated macrophages, t cells, fibroblasts, and bone marrow stromal cells

27
Q

functions of IL-6

A
  • liver: induces acute phase protein expression by hepatocytes
  • hypothalamus: causes fever
28
Q

IL-12 info

A
  • influences differentiation of naive t cells toward Th1 pathway
  • produced by dendritic cells and macrophages
  • determines the type of immune response that predominates
29
Q

tumor necrosis factor info

A
  • principal mediator of endotoxic shock

- produced by activated macrophages and NK cells

30
Q

functions of TNF-a

A
  • hepatocytes: increased catabolism, acute phase protein expression, proliferation
  • macrophages: decreased proliferation, increased phagocytosis, IL production
  • tumor cells: cytolysis
  • endothelial cells: IL-1 production, adhesion molecule expression
  • fever
31
Q

how does TNF affect vascular endothelium

A

activates vascular endothelium to begin process of extravasation (adhesion molecules get neutrophils out of blood to where they are needed)

32
Q

endotoxic or septic shock

A
  • overexpression of cytokines –> inflammation
  • TNF-a is the major cytokine responsible
  • fever, acidodis, hypotension –> multiple organ system failure –> death
33
Q

IL-4 and IL-10 info

A
  • principal regulators of the humoral immune response
  • produced by Th2 cells
  • activated mast cells release IL-4 from stored vesicles
  • anti-inflammatory
34
Q

functions of IL-4

A
  • t cells: promotes growth of th2 cells, enhanced proliferation, production of th2 cytokines, inhibition of th1 differentiation
  • macrophages: inhibits activation
35
Q

functions of IL-10

A
  • macrophages: inhibits activation

- t cells: inhibition of th1 differentiation

36
Q

what cells produce chemokines

A
  • phagocytic cells
  • t cells
  • endothelial cells
  • fibroblasts
37
Q

3 types of chemokines

A
  • IL8: chemotactic for neutrophils
  • MIP-1a: chemoattractant for CD8+ t cells and neutrophils
  • RANTES: chemoattractant for memory CD4+ t cells, eosinophils, and monocytes
38
Q

how do b cells and t cells communicate

A

using cytokines for initial activation of b cells and for b cell differentiation into plasma cells

39
Q

what else do cytokines assist in

A

isotype switching –> adaptive immune response

40
Q

inhibition of organ transplant rejection

A
  • cyclosporin A treatment

- corticosteroids to inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production

41
Q

how do steroids inhibit inflammation

A

inhibit NF-kB (transcription factor) activation of cytokines –> no transcription of NFkB target genes)

42
Q

what is anti-TNF-alpha therapy used for

A

treating rheumatoid arthritis (binds TNF before it can bind to receptor)

Host Defense 1 (7 decks)

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