2: Cells and tissues of the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what happens to eosinophils after leaving bone marrow

A

migrate to the spleen where they mature, then migrate into tissues

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2
Q

what are eosinophils responsible for (3)

A
  • phagocytosis and killing of parasites
  • Fc receptors on surface to bind antibodies
  • produce cytokines
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3
Q

what do eosinophilic granules contain (3)

A
  • phosphatase
  • peroxidase
  • toxic proteins
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4
Q

what do basophil granules contain

A

inflammatory molecules (histamine, serotonin)

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5
Q

what do basophils do

A

play a role in killing of parasites due to presence of FceRI

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6
Q

what do mast cells do

A

play a role in killing of parasites due to presence of FceRI

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7
Q

what do mast cell granules contain

A

vasoactive amines (histamine, serotonin)

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8
Q

what is adaptive immune response mediated by

A

lymphocytes

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9
Q

what is adaptive immunity specific to

A

a given molecule (epitope –> 8-12 amino acids)

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10
Q

what does adaptive immune system do (3)

A
  • has surface receptors for antigens on pathogens or particles
  • provides specific immunity to antigens
  • provides memory of specific antigens
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11
Q

what do b cells do (3)

A
  • produce antibodies
  • antibodies bind antigens
  • antibodies interact with components of the innate immune system
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12
Q

what do t cells do (3)

A
  • recognize processed antigen on host cells (cell mediated immunity)
  • helper t cells activate or regulate activities of other cells
  • cytotoxic t cells kill host cells bearing a foreign antigen
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13
Q

what is clonal selection

A

lymphocytes undergo clonal selection based on an individual cell having the correct receptor for a very small, defined part of a larger antigen

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14
Q

what happens to lymphocyte receptors

A

genome rearranges randomly at the site where the receptors are encoded –> generates cells of the same type but with different receptors

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15
Q

what do lymphoid organs have sites for

A
  • sites where lymphocytes develop and/or contact and respond to specific antigens
  • points of differentiation, antigen and immune cell collection, and adaptive immune responses
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16
Q

places of differentiation and activation

A
  • differentiation: primary organ

- activation: secondary organ

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17
Q

what are primary lymphoid organs sites of

A

production and differentiation for lymphocytes

18
Q

examples of primary lymphoid organs

A
  • bone marrow or bursa of fabricus (avian): b cells
  • thymus: t cells
  • peyers patches: b cells (especially ruminants)
19
Q

what are 2 primary organs that are also secondary

A

bone marrow, bursae

20
Q

what can serve as sites for lymphoid production when excessive blood cell production is demanded

A

liver and spleen

21
Q

what are supporting cells in bone marrow and what do they support

A

stromal cells –> lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis

22
Q

what are peyers patches

A

structures located along the gastrointestinal tract within the lamina propria

23
Q

what do peyers patches contain

A

large numbers of lymphocytes, mostly b cells

24
Q

how are peyers patches arranged

A

arranged in follicles with b cells central and t cells surrounding them

25
Q

what are peyers patches important for

A
  • immune responses for ingested antigens

- sites of primary b cell differentiation

26
Q

what do peyers patches do

A

take up antigen from the gut and transport it to draining lymph nodes

27
Q

what are secondary lymphoid organs (definition)

A

sites where lymphocytes develop and/or contact and respond to specific antigens (collection and response points)

28
Q

examples of secondary lymphoid organs (5)

A
  • SPLEEN
  • LYMPH NODES
  • tonsils
  • peyers patches
  • bone marrow
29
Q

2 parts of spleen and their functions

A
  • red pulp contains phagocytes

- white pulp contains lymphocytes, mostly B cells but also T cells

30
Q

2 components of white pulp in spleen

A
  • splenic nodules (contain b lymphocytes)

- periarterial lymphatic sheaths (t-lymphocytes)

31
Q

what is the largest lymphoid organ

A

spleen

32
Q

what is the spleen the major site of

A

adaptive immune responses to blood-borne pathogens (filters out effete red blood cells)

33
Q

what are lymph nodes points of

A

convergence for cells in the blood and lymph systems

34
Q

what do lymph nodes collct

A

extracellular fluid (lymph) from tissues for return to the blood

35
Q

what do lymph nodes contain

A

b and t cells in segregated regions

36
Q

what causes swollen lymph nodes

A

b cell proliferation in germinal centers

37
Q

what do somatic mutations in germinal centers do

A

help with adaptive immune response

38
Q

what is lymph node divided into

A
  • outer cortex
  • inner medulla
  • surrounded by a capsule
39
Q

where do most lymphocytes migrating to lymph nodes enter from

A

peripheral blood

40
Q

what can only lymphocytes interact with and exravasate through

A

high endothelial venules (HEVs) to migrate into lymph node parenchyma

41
Q

what are high endothelial venules (HEVs)

A

-specialized capillaries of lymphoid tissues where lymphocytes exchange from the blood

42
Q

what do endothelial cells in the HEV lack

A

tight junctions