5. Cellular Respiration Flashcards
The breakup of glucose to form energy
Cellular Respiration
What defined NAD+?
Coenzyme
What kind of reaction (Endergonic/Exergonic) is represented when the reactants have more free energy than the products?
Exergonic
Cellular respiration is what kind of process?
Oxidative
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
Glucose and Oxygen Gas
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP
What is the major regulatory step of glycolysis that involves the third enzyme PFK?
Phosphofructokinase Phosphorylation
Where does eukaryotic glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
The final product of glycolysis
Pyruvate
The following steps make up cellular respiration EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A) Glycolysis
B) Pyruvate Decarboxylation
C) Carbon Fixation
D) Electron Transport Chain
E) Krebs Cycle
C) Carbon Fixation
What are the net products of glycolysis?
2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate
What occurs in the first reaction of glycolysis, facilitated by the enzyme hexokinase?
Glucose is “committed” to glycolysis and locked inside of the cell
What is the first reaction of glycolysis?
Hexokinase phosphorylated the glucose to create G6P
What are the two phases of glycolysis?
- Preparatory Phase
- Payoff Phase
List the number of ATP molecules invested and the number of ATP molecules produced in eukaryotic glycolysis
2 Invested, 4 produced
In which locations can NADH be produced during eukaryotic cellular respiration?
Cytosol and Mitochondrial Matrix
Through what process is ATP formed in glycolysis?
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Function of phosphofructokinase in cellular respiration
Adds the second phosphate to glucose
Correct equation that demonstrates the decarboxylation of pyruvate
Pyruvate + NAD+ –> Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH
Which processes produce NADH
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate Decarboxylation
- Krebs Cycle
Where does pyruvate decarboxylation take place?
Mitochondrial Matrix
What does Acetyl-CoA combine with to form citrate?
Oxaloacetate
How many intermediates present in the Krebs Cycle?
8
What are the correct products in the Citric Acid Cycle, after EACH pyruvate molecule
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP, and 4CO2
Through what process is GTP formed in the Krebs Cycle?
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur in eukaryotes?
Mitochondrial Matrix
In the Krebs Cycle, how many NADH are produced per one molecule of pyruvate
3
What is the product of the first step in the Citric Acid Cycle?
Citrate
What is regenerated at the end of the Krebs Cycle?
Oxaloacetate
In the Krebs Cycle, how many molecules of CO2 are generated by per one molecules of pyruvate?
2
Formation of an electrochemical gradient to power ATP synthase is the main purpose of what?
Electron Transport Chain
What is ATP synthase of the eukaryotic transport chain powered by?
Protons
Which Krebs Cycle products form the hydrogen ions that are used in chemiosmosis?
NADH and FADH2
Following ATP synthase, the electrical charge gradient caused by the chemical gradient in cellular respiration is converted into what?
Kinetic Energy
Protons are pumped from where to where during the ETC?
Mitochondrial Matrix into the Intermembrane Space
Why is ATP an unstable molecule?
It has three negatively charged phosphate groups
Which step in cellular respiration produces the largest amount of ATP?
Chemiosmosis
Where is the eukaryotic electron transport chain located?
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Location of the ETC that receives electrons from Cytochrome C and transfers them to molecule oxygen + 4 protons, resulting in the formation of two molecules of water
Complex IV
What catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP+Pi?
ATP Synthase
The many folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane, whose goal is to increase the surface area
Cristae
What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
Oxygen
Where is the location of the prokaryotic electron transport chain?
Plasma Membrane
What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain?
Water
What is considered to be anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis and Fermentation
What is a crucial aspect of the continuation of glycolysis and is developed during aerobic respiration with the help of oxygen gas?
NAD+
What is an intermediate present in alcohol fermentation
Acetaldehyde
Both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation both use what as a reactant?
Pyruvate
Which organ is lactate from lactic acid fermentation transferred to?
Liver
The purpose of fermentation is to regenerate what?
NAD+
What are the products of yeast fermentation?
CO2, NAD+, ethanol
Which macromolecule is the most unfavorable energy source?
Proteins
Process used to separate ammonia from amino acid molecules in humans
Oxidative Deamination
Metabolic process that breaks down fatty acids into smaller molecules called Acetyl-CoA
Beta Oxidation
The process of breaking down glycogen
Glycogenolysis
Process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
Gluconeogenesis
Hormone produced by the pancreas that promotes the uptake of glucose into cells
Insulin
Hormone produced by the pancreas that promotes the release of glucose into the bloodstream
Glucagon
Where is glycogen mainly stored in the body?
Liver and Skeletal Muscle cells
If carbohydrates and fats are no longer able to be used as energy sources, the body may start to use proteins as an alternative. What process does this lead to in which amino acids are broken down?
Oxidative Deamination
What enzymes are used to break down triglycerides?
Lipases
What molecule does fats get converted to in order to enter glycolysis?
PGAL
What is a precursor to PGAL to enter the glycolytic pathway?
Glycerol
Where does beta-oxidation occur in animal cells?
Mitochondrial Matrix
A patient is unable to use protein as an energy source. Which organ could possibly be malfunctioning?
Liver
In humans, which organ converts ammonia to urea?
Liver
The process by which fatty acids are broken down into smaller molecules an Acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria
Beta-Oxidation
Which macromolecule yields the greatest amount of ATP?
Lipids
Where does cellular respiration occur in plants?
Mitochondria
