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DAT BioBits 2.0 > 5. Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

5. Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

The breakup of glucose to form energy

A

Cellular Respiration

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2
Q

What defined NAD+?

A

Coenzyme

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3
Q

What kind of reaction (Endergonic/Exergonic) is represented when the reactants have more free energy than the products?

A

Exergonic

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4
Q

Cellular respiration is what kind of process?

A

Oxidative

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5
Q

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

A

Glucose and Oxygen Gas

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6
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP

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7
Q

What is the major regulatory step of glycolysis that involves the third enzyme PFK?

A

Phosphofructokinase Phosphorylation

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8
Q

Where does eukaryotic glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

The final product of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

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10
Q

The following steps make up cellular respiration EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A) Glycolysis
B) Pyruvate Decarboxylation
C) Carbon Fixation
D) Electron Transport Chain
E) Krebs Cycle

A

C) Carbon Fixation

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11
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A

2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate

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12
Q

What occurs in the first reaction of glycolysis, facilitated by the enzyme hexokinase?

A

Glucose is “committed” to glycolysis and locked inside of the cell

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13
Q

What is the first reaction of glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase phosphorylated the glucose to create G6P

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14
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis?

A
  1. Preparatory Phase
  2. Payoff Phase
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15
Q

List the number of ATP molecules invested and the number of ATP molecules produced in eukaryotic glycolysis

A

2 Invested, 4 produced

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16
Q

In which locations can NADH be produced during eukaryotic cellular respiration?

A

Cytosol and Mitochondrial Matrix

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17
Q

Through what process is ATP formed in glycolysis?

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

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18
Q

Function of phosphofructokinase in cellular respiration

A

Adds the second phosphate to glucose

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19
Q

Correct equation that demonstrates the decarboxylation of pyruvate

A

Pyruvate + NAD+ –> Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH

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20
Q

Which processes produce NADH

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Decarboxylation
  3. Krebs Cycle
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21
Q

Where does pyruvate decarboxylation take place?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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22
Q

What does Acetyl-CoA combine with to form citrate?

A

Oxaloacetate

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23
Q

How many intermediates present in the Krebs Cycle?

A

8

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24
Q

What are the correct products in the Citric Acid Cycle, after EACH pyruvate molecule

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP, and 4CO2

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25
Q

Through what process is GTP formed in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

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26
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur in eukaryotes?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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27
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, how many NADH are produced per one molecule of pyruvate

A

3

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28
Q

What is the product of the first step in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Citrate

29
Q

What is regenerated at the end of the Krebs Cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate

30
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, how many molecules of CO2 are generated by per one molecules of pyruvate?

A

2

31
Q

Formation of an electrochemical gradient to power ATP synthase is the main purpose of what?

A

Electron Transport Chain

32
Q

What is ATP synthase of the eukaryotic transport chain powered by?

A

Protons

33
Q

Which Krebs Cycle products form the hydrogen ions that are used in chemiosmosis?

A

NADH and FADH2

34
Q

Following ATP synthase, the electrical charge gradient caused by the chemical gradient in cellular respiration is converted into what?

A

Kinetic Energy

35
Q

Protons are pumped from where to where during the ETC?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix into the Intermembrane Space

36
Q

Why is ATP an unstable molecule?

A

It has three negatively charged phosphate groups

37
Q

Which step in cellular respiration produces the largest amount of ATP?

A

Chemiosmosis

38
Q

Where is the eukaryotic electron transport chain located?

A

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

39
Q

Location of the ETC that receives electrons from Cytochrome C and transfers them to molecule oxygen + 4 protons, resulting in the formation of two molecules of water

A

Complex IV

40
Q

What catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP+Pi?

A

ATP Synthase

41
Q

The many folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane, whose goal is to increase the surface area

A

Cristae

42
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen

43
Q

Where is the location of the prokaryotic electron transport chain?

A

Plasma Membrane

44
Q

What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain?

A

Water

45
Q

What is considered to be anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis and Fermentation

46
Q

What is a crucial aspect of the continuation of glycolysis and is developed during aerobic respiration with the help of oxygen gas?

A

NAD+

47
Q

What is an intermediate present in alcohol fermentation

A

Acetaldehyde

48
Q

Both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation both use what as a reactant?

A

Pyruvate

49
Q

Which organ is lactate from lactic acid fermentation transferred to?

A

Liver

50
Q

The purpose of fermentation is to regenerate what?

A

NAD+

51
Q

What are the products of yeast fermentation?

A

CO2, NAD+, ethanol

52
Q

Which macromolecule is the most unfavorable energy source?

A

Proteins

53
Q

Process used to separate ammonia from amino acid molecules in humans

A

Oxidative Deamination

54
Q

Metabolic process that breaks down fatty acids into smaller molecules called Acetyl-CoA

A

Beta Oxidation

55
Q

The process of breaking down glycogen

A

Glycogenolysis

56
Q

Process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

57
Q

Hormone produced by the pancreas that promotes the uptake of glucose into cells

A

Insulin

58
Q

Hormone produced by the pancreas that promotes the release of glucose into the bloodstream

A

Glucagon

59
Q

Where is glycogen mainly stored in the body?

A

Liver and Skeletal Muscle cells

60
Q

If carbohydrates and fats are no longer able to be used as energy sources, the body may start to use proteins as an alternative. What process does this lead to in which amino acids are broken down?

A

Oxidative Deamination

61
Q

What enzymes are used to break down triglycerides?

A

Lipases

62
Q

What molecule does fats get converted to in order to enter glycolysis?

A

PGAL

63
Q

What is a precursor to PGAL to enter the glycolytic pathway?

A

Glycerol

64
Q

Where does beta-oxidation occur in animal cells?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

65
Q

A patient is unable to use protein as an energy source. Which organ could possibly be malfunctioning?

A

Liver

66
Q

In humans, which organ converts ammonia to urea?

A

Liver

67
Q

The process by which fatty acids are broken down into smaller molecules an Acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria

A

Beta-Oxidation

68
Q

Which macromolecule yields the greatest amount of ATP?

A

Lipids

69
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur in plants?

A

Mitochondria

DAT BioBits 2.0 (5 decks)

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