3. Cells, Organelles, & Transport Flashcards
Which component of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophilic?
Phosphate Head
Which component of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic?
Fatty Acid Tails
What type of molecules most easily diffuses through the phospholipid bilayer?
Hydrophobic Molecules
What is the function of cholesterol in the animal cell membrane?
Structural Support
The glycocalyx is made up of which macromolecule?
Carbohydrates
Adhesive capabilities, barrier to infections, and markers for cell-cell recognition are all functions of what structure?
Glycocalyx
What is the glycocalyx made up of?
Glycolipids and Glycoproteins
Common cell surface markers used regularly for cell-cell recognition
Glycoproteins
What are three main components that make up an animal cell membrane?
- Phospholipid Membrane
- Cholesterol
- Glycocalyx
Functional analogues of cholesterol
Sterols
What is used as structural support in the membrane of plants?
Sterols
What type of cells possess centrioles?
Animal Cells
Structures that include centrosomes and basal bodies and are found at the base of each flagellum and cilium; Organize development
Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)
What are microtubules made up of?
Tubulin
What are microfilaments made up of?
Actin
Subclass of integral membrane proteins that are embedded from one side to the other side of the cellular membrane
Transmembrane Protein
What does the cell use to distinguish between self and foreign pathogens?
Recognition Proteins
What are polypeptides that have an attached carbohydrate called?
Glycoproteins
Which type of protein changes physical shape after binding to a specific molecule?
Carrier Protein
Which membrane protein is used to transport water quickly across a cell membrane?
Porin (Aquaporin)
Which type of protein attaches cells to neighboring cells and provides stability with internal filaments and tubules?
Adhesion Protein
Which class of cell surface molecules bind to hormones and other chemical trigger molecules?
Receptor Proteins
The term transporter protein is synonymous with _____
Carrier Protein
How many classes of transporter/carrier proteins are there?
What are they?
2 Classes
- Active Transport
- Passive Transport
Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, with an input of energy
Active Transport
Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient, without the input of energy
Passive Transport
Channel proteins create a passage for which kind of substances?
Polar Substances
Proteins that are loosely associated with the polar heads of phospholipids on the extracellular leaflet of the phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral Membrane Proteins
Proteins that are embedded in the cellular membrane
Integral Membrane Proteins
Protein that provides structural support for a chromosome, organizes, and regulates DNA
Histones
Term used to define a histone/coiled-DNA complex
Nucleosome
Site of ribosome synthesis, contained in the nucleus
Nucleolus
Form of RNA in which ribosomes translate into proteins
mRNA
Form of RNA which is used to construct the large and small subunits of a ribosome
rRNA
What is the double membrane which encloses the eukaryotic nucleus called?
Nuclear Membrane
Structure containing intermediate filaments called lamins, which closely associated to the nuclear membrane’s inner leaflet via the anchoring protein emerin
Nuclear Lamina
Structures found in the nuclear envelope and allow for the transport of proteins into and out of the nucleus
Nuclear Pores
Region present in prokaryotes which do not have a proper nucleus
Nucleoid
The complex of DNA and proteins (histones, which organize DNA)
Multiple nucleosomes coiled together
Chromatin
Structure that supports the eukaryotic nucleus and regulate DNA replication
Nuclear Lamina
Positively charged proteins found in eukaryotes and archaea that form a complex with DNA called chromatin
Histones
A region contained within the cell membrane
The liquid in which everything in the cell is suspended
Cytoplasm
Important cellular functions occur in this region, including metabolism and vesicular transport
Cytoplasm
What are the subunits that make up ribosomes for eukaryotic cells?
60S + 40S = 80S
What are the subunits that make up ribosomes for prokaryotic cells?
50S + 30S = 70S
What organelle assembles glycoproteins?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
What organelle is the location of lipid and steroid synthesis?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Where is the sarcoplasmic reticulum located?
Striated and Smooth Muscle
What is released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Calcium Ions
Structure that forms when vesicles filled with proteins bud off from the Trans Golgi Network of the Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Organelle that prepares proteins for export from the cell, which involves packaging them into vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
The enclosed, flattened sacs of the Golgi Apparatus
Cisternae
Which face (cis/trans) of the Golgi Apparatus is for secretory vesicles?
Trans
Membrane-bound organelle whose primary role is the oxidation of molecules, including fatty acids and amino acids
Peroxisomes
What facilitates oxidation reactions in peroxisomes?
Peroxides
EX: Hydrogen Peroxide
Microtubule Organization Centers are found everywhere besides where?
Bacterial Cells
Very large, fluid-filled vesicles found in most plant and fungal cells
Vacuoles
Vacuoles are related to which organelle that is found in animal cells?
Lysosome
Vacuoles that transport materials between organelles, or between organelles and the plasma membrane
Transport Vacuoles
Vacuoles that serve as a temporary place of storage for nutrients as the vacuole breaks down the food with the hydrolytic enzyme
Food Vacuoles
Name of the vacuole whose role is to specifically occupy most of the plant cell’s interior, and exert turgor when fully filled
Central Vacuole
Name of the vacuole that functions to collect and pump excess water out of the cell
Contractile Vacuoles
What array is the characteristic organization of the microtubules which make up the MTOCs?
9 x 3
Hypothesis which attempts to describe early life on earth and the evolution of eukaryotes
Endosymbiotic Theory
Organelles unique to plants, and the site of photosynthesis
Plastids
Organelle in which beta oxidation occurs, which is fatty acid catabolism
Mitochondria
What organelles are NOT part of the endomembrane system?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
What is NOT a membrane-bound organelle?
Ribosome
What is used to bind adjacent cells to each other?
Extracellular Matrix
What is the most common protein that binds adjacent animal cells together?
Collagen
What are similar to focal adhesions in that they connect the extracellular matrix with cytoskeletal filaments within the cell?
Hemidesmosomes
Is diffusion an example of intra/extracellular circulation?
Extracellular Circulation
What are cell junctions that help anchor cells to either the ECM or other cells called?
Anchoring Junctions
Which cell junction produces a seal to prevent the movement of molecules between cells?
Tight Junctions
Which animal cell junction provides tunnels that allow the movement of small molecules or ions?
Gap Junctions
Cardiac tissue is an example of which animal cell junction?
Gap Junctions
What are the proteins that make up gap junctions called?
Connexins
What component is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Plasma Membrane
What organelle appears in all prokaryotes?
Ribosomes
What does the cell walls of most bacteria contain?
Peptidoglycan
If a solution has a lower concentration of solute than the cell, will water flow into/out of the cell?
Hypertonic/Hypotonic?
Into the cell
- Hypotonic
- Less obstruction of solutes on the outside of the cell, H2O easily flows in
If a solution has a higher concentration of solute than the cell, will water flow into/out of the cell?
Hypertonic/Hypotonic?
Out
- Hypertonic
Swelling and lysing is representative of a hypertonic/hypotonic solution
Hypotonic
Shriveling of cells is representative of a hypertonic/hypotonic solution
Hypertonic
What does plasmolyzed refer to?
Cell Shrinkage
Central component of both innate and adaptive immunity
Phagocytosis
What kind of active transport (primary/secondary) is dependent on the energy from hydrolyzing ATP in order to move solute across a membrane (Na+/K+ pump)?
Primary Active Transport
What kind of active transport (primary/secondary) depends on the energy coming from an ionic concentration gradient across the membrane?
Secondary Active Transport
What kind of active transport (primary/secondary) reflects the use of indirect energy to move particles against concentration gradients?
Secondary Active Transport
Diffusion is a form of active/passive transport
Passive Transport
The movement of a solute from high to low concentration across a permeable membrane and occurs via the random movement of particles
Diffusion
The invagination of the plasma membrane around liquid or dissolved material
Pinocytosis
Process by which hormones and cholesterol are transported into the cell
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis is a form of?
Pinocytosis