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DAT BioBits 2.0 > 3. Cells, Organelles, & Transport > Flashcards

3. Cells, Organelles, & Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Which component of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophilic?

A

Phosphate Head

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2
Q

Which component of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic?

A

Fatty Acid Tails

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3
Q

What type of molecules most easily diffuses through the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophobic Molecules

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4
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the animal cell membrane?

A

Structural Support

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5
Q

The glycocalyx is made up of which macromolecule?

A

Carbohydrates

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6
Q

Adhesive capabilities, barrier to infections, and markers for cell-cell recognition are all functions of what structure?

A

Glycocalyx

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7
Q

What is the glycocalyx made up of?

A

Glycolipids and Glycoproteins

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8
Q

Common cell surface markers used regularly for cell-cell recognition

A

Glycoproteins

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9
Q

What are three main components that make up an animal cell membrane?

A
  1. Phospholipid Membrane
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Glycocalyx
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10
Q

Functional analogues of cholesterol

A

Sterols

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11
Q

What is used as structural support in the membrane of plants?

A

Sterols

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12
Q

What type of cells possess centrioles?

A

Animal Cells

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13
Q

Structures that include centrosomes and basal bodies and are found at the base of each flagellum and cilium; Organize development

A

Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)

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14
Q

What are microtubules made up of?

A

Tubulin

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15
Q

What are microfilaments made up of?

A

Actin

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16
Q

Subclass of integral membrane proteins that are embedded from one side to the other side of the cellular membrane

A

Transmembrane Protein

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17
Q

What does the cell use to distinguish between self and foreign pathogens?

A

Recognition Proteins

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18
Q

What are polypeptides that have an attached carbohydrate called?

A

Glycoproteins

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19
Q

Which type of protein changes physical shape after binding to a specific molecule?

A

Carrier Protein

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20
Q

Which membrane protein is used to transport water quickly across a cell membrane?

A

Porin (Aquaporin)

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21
Q

Which type of protein attaches cells to neighboring cells and provides stability with internal filaments and tubules?

A

Adhesion Protein

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22
Q

Which class of cell surface molecules bind to hormones and other chemical trigger molecules?

A

Receptor Proteins

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23
Q

The term transporter protein is synonymous with _____

A

Carrier Protein

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24
Q

How many classes of transporter/carrier proteins are there?

What are they?

A

2 Classes

  1. Active Transport
  2. Passive Transport
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25
Q

Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, with an input of energy

A

Active Transport

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26
Q

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient, without the input of energy

A

Passive Transport

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27
Q

Channel proteins create a passage for which kind of substances?

A

Polar Substances

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28
Q

Proteins that are loosely associated with the polar heads of phospholipids on the extracellular leaflet of the phospholipid bilayer

A

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

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29
Q

Proteins that are embedded in the cellular membrane

A

Integral Membrane Proteins

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30
Q

Protein that provides structural support for a chromosome, organizes, and regulates DNA

A

Histones

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31
Q

Term used to define a histone/coiled-DNA complex

A

Nucleosome

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32
Q

Site of ribosome synthesis, contained in the nucleus

A

Nucleolus

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33
Q

Form of RNA in which ribosomes translate into proteins

A

mRNA

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34
Q

Form of RNA which is used to construct the large and small subunits of a ribosome

A

rRNA

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35
Q

What is the double membrane which encloses the eukaryotic nucleus called?

A

Nuclear Membrane

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36
Q

Structure containing intermediate filaments called lamins, which closely associated to the nuclear membrane’s inner leaflet via the anchoring protein emerin

A

Nuclear Lamina

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37
Q

Structures found in the nuclear envelope and allow for the transport of proteins into and out of the nucleus

A

Nuclear Pores

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38
Q

Region present in prokaryotes which do not have a proper nucleus

A

Nucleoid

39
Q

The complex of DNA and proteins (histones, which organize DNA)

Multiple nucleosomes coiled together

A

Chromatin

40
Q

Structure that supports the eukaryotic nucleus and regulate DNA replication

A

Nuclear Lamina

41
Q

Positively charged proteins found in eukaryotes and archaea that form a complex with DNA called chromatin

A

Histones

42
Q

A region contained within the cell membrane

The liquid in which everything in the cell is suspended

A

Cytoplasm

43
Q

Important cellular functions occur in this region, including metabolism and vesicular transport

A

Cytoplasm

44
Q

What are the subunits that make up ribosomes for eukaryotic cells?

A

60S + 40S = 80S

45
Q

What are the subunits that make up ribosomes for prokaryotic cells?

A

50S + 30S = 70S

46
Q

What organelle assembles glycoproteins?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

47
Q

What organelle is the location of lipid and steroid synthesis?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

48
Q

Where is the sarcoplasmic reticulum located?

A

Striated and Smooth Muscle

49
Q

What is released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Calcium Ions

50
Q

Structure that forms when vesicles filled with proteins bud off from the Trans Golgi Network of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Lysosome

51
Q

Organelle that prepares proteins for export from the cell, which involves packaging them into vesicles

A

Golgi Apparatus

52
Q

The enclosed, flattened sacs of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Cisternae

53
Q

Which face (cis/trans) of the Golgi Apparatus is for secretory vesicles?

A

Trans

54
Q

Membrane-bound organelle whose primary role is the oxidation of molecules, including fatty acids and amino acids

A

Peroxisomes

55
Q

What facilitates oxidation reactions in peroxisomes?

A

Peroxides

EX: Hydrogen Peroxide

56
Q

Microtubule Organization Centers are found everywhere besides where?

A

Bacterial Cells

57
Q

Very large, fluid-filled vesicles found in most plant and fungal cells

A

Vacuoles

58
Q

Vacuoles are related to which organelle that is found in animal cells?

A

Lysosome

59
Q

Vacuoles that transport materials between organelles, or between organelles and the plasma membrane

A

Transport Vacuoles

60
Q

Vacuoles that serve as a temporary place of storage for nutrients as the vacuole breaks down the food with the hydrolytic enzyme

A

Food Vacuoles

61
Q

Name of the vacuole whose role is to specifically occupy most of the plant cell’s interior, and exert turgor when fully filled

A

Central Vacuole

62
Q

Name of the vacuole that functions to collect and pump excess water out of the cell

A

Contractile Vacuoles

63
Q

What array is the characteristic organization of the microtubules which make up the MTOCs?

A

9 x 3

64
Q

Hypothesis which attempts to describe early life on earth and the evolution of eukaryotes

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

65
Q

Organelles unique to plants, and the site of photosynthesis

A

Plastids

66
Q

Organelle in which beta oxidation occurs, which is fatty acid catabolism

A

Mitochondria

67
Q

What organelles are NOT part of the endomembrane system?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

68
Q

What is NOT a membrane-bound organelle?

A

Ribosome

69
Q

What is used to bind adjacent cells to each other?

A

Extracellular Matrix

70
Q

What is the most common protein that binds adjacent animal cells together?

A

Collagen

71
Q

What are similar to focal adhesions in that they connect the extracellular matrix with cytoskeletal filaments within the cell?

A

Hemidesmosomes

72
Q

Is diffusion an example of intra/extracellular circulation?

A

Extracellular Circulation

73
Q

What are cell junctions that help anchor cells to either the ECM or other cells called?

A

Anchoring Junctions

74
Q

Which cell junction produces a seal to prevent the movement of molecules between cells?

A

Tight Junctions

75
Q

Which animal cell junction provides tunnels that allow the movement of small molecules or ions?

A

Gap Junctions

76
Q

Cardiac tissue is an example of which animal cell junction?

A

Gap Junctions

77
Q

What are the proteins that make up gap junctions called?

A

Connexins

78
Q

What component is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Plasma Membrane

79
Q

What organelle appears in all prokaryotes?

A

Ribosomes

80
Q

What does the cell walls of most bacteria contain?

A

Peptidoglycan

81
Q

If a solution has a lower concentration of solute than the cell, will water flow into/out of the cell?

Hypertonic/Hypotonic?

A

Into the cell

  • Hypotonic
  • Less obstruction of solutes on the outside of the cell, H2O easily flows in
82
Q

If a solution has a higher concentration of solute than the cell, will water flow into/out of the cell?

Hypertonic/Hypotonic?

A

Out

  • Hypertonic
83
Q

Swelling and lysing is representative of a hypertonic/hypotonic solution

A

Hypotonic

84
Q

Shriveling of cells is representative of a hypertonic/hypotonic solution

A

Hypertonic

85
Q

What does plasmolyzed refer to?

A

Cell Shrinkage

86
Q

Central component of both innate and adaptive immunity

A

Phagocytosis

87
Q

What kind of active transport (primary/secondary) is dependent on the energy from hydrolyzing ATP in order to move solute across a membrane (Na+/K+ pump)?

A

Primary Active Transport

88
Q

What kind of active transport (primary/secondary) depends on the energy coming from an ionic concentration gradient across the membrane?

A

Secondary Active Transport

89
Q

What kind of active transport (primary/secondary) reflects the use of indirect energy to move particles against concentration gradients?

A

Secondary Active Transport

90
Q

Diffusion is a form of active/passive transport

A

Passive Transport

91
Q

The movement of a solute from high to low concentration across a permeable membrane and occurs via the random movement of particles

A

Diffusion

92
Q

The invagination of the plasma membrane around liquid or dissolved material

A

Pinocytosis

93
Q

Process by which hormones and cholesterol are transported into the cell

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

94
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis is a form of?

A

Pinocytosis

DAT BioBits 2.0 (5 decks)

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