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DAT BioBits 2.0 > 3. Cells, Organelles, & Transport > Flashcards

3. Cells, Organelles, & Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Which component of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophilic?

A

Phosphate Head

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2
Q

Which component of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic?

A

Fatty Acid Tails

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3
Q

What type of molecules most easily diffuses through the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophobic Molecules

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4
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the animal cell membrane?

A

Structural Support

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5
Q

The glycocalyx is made up of which macromolecule?

A

Carbohydrates

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6
Q

Adhesive capabilities, barrier to infections, and markers for cell-cell recognition are all functions of what structure?

A

Glycocalyx

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7
Q

What is the glycocalyx made up of?

A

Glycolipids and Glycoproteins

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8
Q

Common cell surface markers used regularly for cell-cell recognition

A

Glycoproteins

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9
Q

What are three main components that make up an animal cell membrane?

A
  1. Phospholipid Membrane
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Glycocalyx
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10
Q

Functional analogues of cholesterol

A

Sterols

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11
Q

What is used as structural support in the membrane of plants?

A

Sterols

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12
Q

What type of cells possess centrioles?

A

Animal Cells

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13
Q

Structures that include centrosomes and basal bodies and are found at the base of each flagellum and cilium; Organize development

A

Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)

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14
Q

What are microtubules made up of?

A

Tubulin

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15
Q

What are microfilaments made up of?

A

Actin

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16
Q

Subclass of integral membrane proteins that are embedded from one side to the other side of the cellular membrane

A

Transmembrane Protein

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17
Q

What does the cell use to distinguish between self and foreign pathogens?

A

Recognition Proteins

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18
Q

What are polypeptides that have an attached carbohydrate called?

A

Glycoproteins

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19
Q

Which type of protein changes physical shape after binding to a specific molecule?

A

Carrier Protein

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20
Q

Which membrane protein is used to transport water quickly across a cell membrane?

A

Porin (Aquaporin)

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21
Q

Which type of protein attaches cells to neighboring cells and provides stability with internal filaments and tubules?

A

Adhesion Protein

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22
Q

Which class of cell surface molecules bind to hormones and other chemical trigger molecules?

A

Receptor Proteins

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23
Q

The term transporter protein is synonymous with _____

A

Carrier Protein

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24
Q

How many classes of transporter/carrier proteins are there?

What are they?

A

2 Classes

  1. Active Transport
  2. Passive Transport
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25
Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, with an input of energy
Active Transport
26
Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient, without the input of energy
Passive Transport
27
Channel proteins create a passage for which kind of substances?
Polar Substances
28
Proteins that are loosely associated with the polar heads of phospholipids on the extracellular leaflet of the phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral Membrane Proteins
29
Proteins that are embedded in the cellular membrane
Integral Membrane Proteins
30
Protein that provides structural support for a chromosome, organizes, and regulates DNA
Histones
31
Term used to define a histone/coiled-DNA complex
Nucleosome
32
Site of ribosome synthesis, contained in the nucleus
Nucleolus
33
Form of RNA in which ribosomes translate into proteins
mRNA
34
Form of RNA which is used to construct the large and small subunits of a ribosome
rRNA
35
What is the double membrane which encloses the eukaryotic nucleus called?
Nuclear Membrane
36
Structure containing intermediate filaments called lamins, which closely associated to the nuclear membrane's inner leaflet via the anchoring protein emerin
Nuclear Lamina
37
Structures found in the nuclear envelope and allow for the transport of proteins into and out of the nucleus
Nuclear Pores
38
Region present in prokaryotes which do not have a proper nucleus
Nucleoid
39
The complex of DNA and proteins (histones, which organize DNA) Multiple nucleosomes coiled together
Chromatin
40
Structure that supports the eukaryotic nucleus and regulate DNA replication
Nuclear Lamina
41
Positively charged proteins found in eukaryotes and archaea that form a complex with DNA called chromatin
Histones
42
A region contained within the cell membrane The liquid in which everything in the cell is suspended
Cytoplasm
43
Important cellular functions occur in this region, including metabolism and vesicular transport
Cytoplasm
44
What are the subunits that make up ribosomes for eukaryotic cells?
60S + 40S = 80S
45
What are the subunits that make up ribosomes for prokaryotic cells?
50S + 30S = 70S
46
What organelle assembles glycoproteins?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
47
What organelle is the location of lipid and steroid synthesis?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
48
Where is the sarcoplasmic reticulum located?
Striated and Smooth Muscle
49
What is released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Calcium Ions
50
Structure that forms when vesicles filled with proteins bud off from the Trans Golgi Network of the Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
51
Organelle that prepares proteins for export from the cell, which involves packaging them into vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
52
The enclosed, flattened sacs of the Golgi Apparatus
Cisternae
53
Which face (cis/trans) of the Golgi Apparatus is for secretory vesicles?
Trans
54
Membrane-bound organelle whose primary role is the oxidation of molecules, including fatty acids and amino acids
Peroxisomes
55
What facilitates oxidation reactions in peroxisomes?
Peroxides EX: Hydrogen Peroxide
56
Microtubule Organization Centers are found everywhere besides where?
Bacterial Cells
57
Very large, fluid-filled vesicles found in most plant and fungal cells
Vacuoles
58
Vacuoles are related to which organelle that is found in animal cells?
Lysosome
59
Vacuoles that transport materials between organelles, or between organelles and the plasma membrane
Transport Vacuoles
60
Vacuoles that serve as a temporary place of storage for nutrients as the vacuole breaks down the food with the hydrolytic enzyme
Food Vacuoles
61
Name of the vacuole whose role is to specifically occupy most of the plant cell's interior, and exert turgor when fully filled
Central Vacuole
62
Name of the vacuole that functions to collect and pump excess water out of the cell
Contractile Vacuoles
63
What array is the characteristic organization of the microtubules which make up the MTOCs?
9 x 3
64
Hypothesis which attempts to describe early life on earth and the evolution of eukaryotes
Endosymbiotic Theory
65
Organelles unique to plants, and the site of photosynthesis
Plastids
66
Organelle in which beta oxidation occurs, which is fatty acid catabolism
Mitochondria
67
What organelles are NOT part of the endomembrane system?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
68
What is NOT a membrane-bound organelle?
Ribosome
69
What is used to bind adjacent cells to each other?
Extracellular Matrix
70
What is the most common protein that binds adjacent animal cells together?
Collagen
71
What are similar to focal adhesions in that they connect the extracellular matrix with cytoskeletal filaments within the cell?
Hemidesmosomes
72
Is diffusion an example of intra/extracellular circulation?
Extracellular Circulation
73
What are cell junctions that help anchor cells to either the ECM or other cells called?
Anchoring Junctions
74
Which cell junction produces a seal to prevent the movement of molecules between cells?
Tight Junctions
75
Which animal cell junction provides tunnels that allow the movement of small molecules or ions?
Gap Junctions
76
Cardiac tissue is an example of which animal cell junction?
Gap Junctions
77
What are the proteins that make up gap junctions called?
Connexins
78
What component is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Plasma Membrane
79
What organelle appears in all prokaryotes?
Ribosomes
80
What does the cell walls of most bacteria contain?
Peptidoglycan
81
If a solution has a lower concentration of solute than the cell, will water flow into/out of the cell? Hypertonic/Hypotonic?
Into the cell - Hypotonic - Less obstruction of solutes on the outside of the cell, H2O easily flows in
82
If a solution has a higher concentration of solute than the cell, will water flow into/out of the cell? Hypertonic/Hypotonic?
Out - Hypertonic
83
Swelling and lysing is representative of a hypertonic/hypotonic solution
Hypotonic
84
Shriveling of cells is representative of a hypertonic/hypotonic solution
Hypertonic
85
What does plasmolyzed refer to?
Cell Shrinkage
86
Central component of both innate and adaptive immunity
Phagocytosis
87
What kind of active transport (primary/secondary) is dependent on the energy from hydrolyzing ATP in order to move solute across a membrane (Na+/K+ pump)?
Primary Active Transport
88
What kind of active transport (primary/secondary) depends on the energy coming from an ionic concentration gradient across the membrane?
Secondary Active Transport
89
What kind of active transport (primary/secondary) reflects the use of indirect energy to move particles against concentration gradients?
Secondary Active Transport
90
Diffusion is a form of active/passive transport
Passive Transport
91
The movement of a solute from high to low concentration across a permeable membrane and occurs via the random movement of particles
Diffusion
92
The invagination of the plasma membrane around liquid or dissolved material
Pinocytosis
93
Process by which hormones and cholesterol are transported into the cell
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
94
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis is a form of?
Pinocytosis

DAT BioBits 2.0 (5 decks)

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