2. Biochemistry Flashcards
Alpha helices and beta sheets are connected to their respective strands through which type of bonds?
Hydrogen Bonds
What type of bond connects the amino acids of the PRIMARY structure of proteins?
Covalent Bonds
Which bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another where both atoms have DIFFERENT electronegativities?
Ionic Bonds
Which bonds involve electrons that are shared between atoms of SIMILAR electronegativities?
Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds can be further identified into two sub-categories. What are they?
- Nonpolar
- Polar
Which bonds involve EQUAL sharing of electrons between two atoms of SIMILAR electronegativities?
Nonpolar Bonds
Which bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms of DIFFERENT electronegativities?
Polar Bonds
Which bonds are involved in weak interaction between a hydrogen attached to a highly electronegative atom, and a highly charged atom on another molecule (F, O, or N)?
Hydrogen Bonds
The combination of the attraction between water molecules and the surface of vessels allows for the movement of water from the roots to the leaves against gravity. What best explains this phenomenon?
Capillary Action
Capillary action of water is related to both ___ and ___.
Cohesion; Adhesion
Example of a monosaccharide
Glucose and Fructose
What kind of linkage is used to link carbohydrates to each other?
Glycosidic Linkage
Example of a disaccharide
Sucrose and Lactose
- Super Growing Frogs (Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose)
- Leave Gardens Glowing (Lactose = Galactose + Glucose)
What reaction occurs to create a polymer from monomers?
Dehydration Synthesis
Which carbohydrates is used by PLANTS to store energy?
Starch
Both starch and glycogen are made up of (Alpha/Beta) subunits
Alpha Glucose Molecules
The structural integrity of PLANTS is supported by which polysaccharide?
Cellulose
What is stored in the HUMAN liver and used as an energy source?
Glycogen
Starch in plants is analogous to ___ in animal cells.
Glycogen
Chitin in insect exoskeleton is analogous to ___ in plant cells.
Cellulose
Both cellulose and chitin are made up of (Alpha/Beta) subunits
Beta Glucose Molecules
Saturated triglycerides: Stacked OR Unstacked?
Stacked
Unsaturated triglycerides: Stacked OR Unstacked?
Unstacked
A saturated compound has (Single/Double) bond(s)?
Single
Which bonds are stackable (Single/Double)?
Single
Steroids are made up of what kind(s) of rings?
- Three 6-membered rings
- One 5-membered ring
Cholesterol is considered to be what kind of lipid?
Steroid
Which components make up the amphipathic property of phospholipids?
- Polar phosphate head
- Nonpolar hydrocarbon tail
What is incorporated into the cell membrane to prevent rigidity?
Cholesterol
In addition to cholesterol, what is added to the membrane at COLD temperatures?
HINT: (Saturated/Unsaturated fatty acids)
Unsaturated fatty acids
In addition to cholesterol, what is added to the membrane at WARM temperatures?
HINT: (Saturated/Unsaturated fatty acids)
Saturated fatty acids
Non-protein molecules that assist enzymes
Cofactors
What are organic cofactors called?
Coenzyme (Vitamins)
What are inorganic cofactors called?
Metal ions
A cofactor that is covalently bound to an enzyme is called a ___ group
Prosthetic
Which protein structure is described:
Hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of amino acids
Secondary
Which protein structure is described:
Non-covalent interactions between R groups of amino acids
Tertiary
Which DNA base pair requires the most energy to break?
Guanine-Cytosine
- 3 Hydrogen Bonds
DNA base pair that couple via 2 Hydrogen bonds?
Adenine-Thymine
Term used to describe when a protein is reversed back to its primary structure
Protein Denaturation
Term used to describe the elimination of all protein structure
Protein Digestion
What about a protein determines its function?
Structure
Receptors that line the cell surface
Membrane Proteins
How many ring(s) do purines have?
2 Rings
How many ring(s) do pyrimidines have?
1 Ring
Main (structural) difference between a nucleoside and nucleotide?
Nucleotides have a phosphate group, nucleosides do NOT
Term used to describe a group of anabolic and catabolic reactions that produce energy
Metabolism
The breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones
Catabolism
What does a low Km value indicate about binding affinity?
High Binding Affinity
Variable that reflects the maximal velocity of an enzyme
Vmax
What kind of inhibition is reflected in this condition:
A substance that binds to the active site of an enzyme competing with the substrate for the same binding site
- What happens to Km/Vmax?
Competitive Inhibition
- Km: Increases
- Vmax: Unchanged
What kind of inhibition is reflected in this condition:
A substance that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, altering enzyme function without competing with the substrate
- What happens to Km/Vmax?
Non-Competitive Inhibition
-Km: Unchanged
-Vmax: Decreases
What kind of inhibition is reflected in this condition:
Binds to a regulatory site (not the active site) on an enzyme, causing a conformational change that affects enzyme function
- What happens to Km/Vmax?
Allosteric Inhibition
- Variable effects on Km/Vmax: Can mimic competitive or non-competitive inhibition
