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DAT BioBits 2.0 > 2. Biochemistry > Flashcards

2. Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Alpha helices and beta sheets are connected to their respective strands through which type of bonds?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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2
Q

What type of bond connects the amino acids of the PRIMARY structure of proteins?

A

Covalent Bonds

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3
Q

Which bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another where both atoms have DIFFERENT electronegativities?

A

Ionic Bonds

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4
Q

Which bonds involve electrons that are shared between atoms of SIMILAR electronegativities?

A

Covalent Bonds

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5
Q

Covalent bonds can be further identified into two sub-categories. What are they?

A
  1. Nonpolar
  2. Polar
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6
Q

Which bonds involve EQUAL sharing of electrons between two atoms of SIMILAR electronegativities?

A

Nonpolar Bonds

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7
Q

Which bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms of DIFFERENT electronegativities?

A

Polar Bonds

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8
Q

Which bonds are involved in weak interaction between a hydrogen attached to a highly electronegative atom, and a highly charged atom on another molecule (F, O, or N)?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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9
Q

The combination of the attraction between water molecules and the surface of vessels allows for the movement of water from the roots to the leaves against gravity. What best explains this phenomenon?

A

Capillary Action

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10
Q

Capillary action of water is related to both ___ and ___.

A

Cohesion; Adhesion

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11
Q

Example of a monosaccharide

A

Glucose and Fructose

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12
Q

What kind of linkage is used to link carbohydrates to each other?

A

Glycosidic Linkage

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13
Q

Example of a disaccharide

A

Sucrose and Lactose

  • Super Growing Frogs (Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose)
  • Leave Gardens Glowing (Lactose = Galactose + Glucose)
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14
Q

What reaction occurs to create a polymer from monomers?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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15
Q

Which carbohydrates is used by PLANTS to store energy?

A

Starch

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16
Q

Both starch and glycogen are made up of (Alpha/Beta) subunits

A

Alpha Glucose Molecules

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17
Q

The structural integrity of PLANTS is supported by which polysaccharide?

A

Cellulose

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18
Q

What is stored in the HUMAN liver and used as an energy source?

A

Glycogen

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19
Q

Starch in plants is analogous to ___ in animal cells.

A

Glycogen

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20
Q

Chitin in insect exoskeleton is analogous to ___ in plant cells.

A

Cellulose

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21
Q

Both cellulose and chitin are made up of (Alpha/Beta) subunits

A

Beta Glucose Molecules

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22
Q

Saturated triglycerides: Stacked OR Unstacked?

A

Stacked

23
Q

Unsaturated triglycerides: Stacked OR Unstacked?

A

Unstacked

24
Q

A saturated compound has (Single/Double) bond(s)?

A

Single

25
Q

Which bonds are stackable (Single/Double)?

A

Single

26
Q

Steroids are made up of what kind(s) of rings?

A
  • Three 6-membered rings
  • One 5-membered ring
27
Q

Cholesterol is considered to be what kind of lipid?

A

Steroid

28
Q

Which components make up the amphipathic property of phospholipids?

A
  • Polar phosphate head
  • Nonpolar hydrocarbon tail
29
Q

What is incorporated into the cell membrane to prevent rigidity?

A

Cholesterol

30
Q

In addition to cholesterol, what is added to the membrane at COLD temperatures?

HINT: (Saturated/Unsaturated fatty acids)

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

31
Q

In addition to cholesterol, what is added to the membrane at WARM temperatures?

HINT: (Saturated/Unsaturated fatty acids)

A

Saturated fatty acids

32
Q

Non-protein molecules that assist enzymes

A

Cofactors

33
Q

What are organic cofactors called?

A

Coenzyme (Vitamins)

34
Q

What are inorganic cofactors called?

A

Metal ions

35
Q

A cofactor that is covalently bound to an enzyme is called a ___ group

A

Prosthetic

36
Q

Which protein structure is described:

Hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of amino acids

A

Secondary

37
Q

Which protein structure is described:

Non-covalent interactions between R groups of amino acids

A

Tertiary

38
Q

Which DNA base pair requires the most energy to break?

A

Guanine-Cytosine

  • 3 Hydrogen Bonds
39
Q

DNA base pair that couple via 2 Hydrogen bonds?

A

Adenine-Thymine

40
Q

Term used to describe when a protein is reversed back to its primary structure

A

Protein Denaturation

41
Q

Term used to describe the elimination of all protein structure

A

Protein Digestion

42
Q

What about a protein determines its function?

A

Structure

43
Q

Receptors that line the cell surface

A

Membrane Proteins

44
Q

How many ring(s) do purines have?

A

2 Rings

45
Q

How many ring(s) do pyrimidines have?

A

1 Ring

46
Q

Main (structural) difference between a nucleoside and nucleotide?

A

Nucleotides have a phosphate group, nucleosides do NOT

47
Q

Term used to describe a group of anabolic and catabolic reactions that produce energy

A

Metabolism

48
Q

The breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones

A

Catabolism

49
Q

What does a low Km value indicate about binding affinity?

A

High Binding Affinity

50
Q

Variable that reflects the maximal velocity of an enzyme

A

Vmax

51
Q

What kind of inhibition is reflected in this condition:

A substance that binds to the active site of an enzyme competing with the substrate for the same binding site

  • What happens to Km/Vmax?
A

Competitive Inhibition

  • Km: Increases
  • Vmax: Unchanged
52
Q

What kind of inhibition is reflected in this condition:

A substance that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, altering enzyme function without competing with the substrate

  • What happens to Km/Vmax?
A

Non-Competitive Inhibition

-Km: Unchanged
-Vmax: Decreases

53
Q

What kind of inhibition is reflected in this condition:

Binds to a regulatory site (not the active site) on an enzyme, causing a conformational change that affects enzyme function

  • What happens to Km/Vmax?
A

Allosteric Inhibition

  • Variable effects on Km/Vmax: Can mimic competitive or non-competitive inhibition

DAT BioBits 2.0 (5 decks)

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