5: Cardiovascular

Question 1

How do you measure blood Hb?

Answer 1

1.34 x Hb x SaO2

Question 2

How do you measure solution?

Answer 2

0.003 x PaO2

Question 3

How do you measure O2 delivery?

Answer 3

Blood Hb x solution x flow

Question 4

What are some examples of sympathomimetic drugs?

Answer 4

NA/A, ephidrine, dopamine, dobutamine

Question 5

What are some examples of parasympatholytic drugs?

Answer 5

Atropine or glycopyrrolate drugs

Question 6

What happens to preload in hypervolaemia?

Answer 6

Increased

Question 7

What happens to afterload in hypertension and vasoconstriction?

Answer 7

Increases

Question 8

How does increased afterload affect cardiac workload and myocardial oxygen consumption?

Answer 8

Increases

Question 9

What happens to end diastolic volume in pump failure?

Answer 9

Increases

Question 10

What happens to CVP in pump failure?

Answer 10

Increases

Question 11

What happens to renal blood flow in pump failure?

Answer 11

Decreases, so get aldosterone activation and fluid retention

Question 12

What are some clinical signs of pump failure?

Answer 12

Venous distention, decreased exercise tolerance, ECG for rhythm and chamber size, rads for cardiac size, pulmonary oedema

Question 13

What can you give to increase contractility?

Answer 13

Positive inotropes eg dobutamine

Question 14

What can you give to restore normal rhythm?

Answer 14

Antiarrhythmics eg lidocaine

Question 15

What can you give to decrease SVR?

Answer 15

Vasodilators eg morphine, furosemide, ACE inhibitors, nitrates

Question 16

What is the best indicator of failed perfusion?

Answer 16

Lactate

Question 17

What so MMs look like in sepsis?

Answer 17

Blotchy

Question 18

What happens to arterial compliance in vasoconstriction?

Answer 18

Decreased

Question 19

What are some examples of obstructive shock?

Answer 19

Tamponade, HCM, aortic stenosis

Question 20

What type of fluid is contraindicated during fluid resuscitation?

Answer 20

Hypotonic crystalloids

Question 21

After how long will Hartmanns start causing signs of increased chloride?

Answer 21

24 hours

Question 22

What is maintenance fluid rate?

Answer 22

2-3ml/kg/hr

Question 23

What is shock rate fluids?

Answer 23

90ml/kg for dog, 50ml/kg for cat

Question 24

Which fluid is contraindicated in dehydration?

Answer 24

Hypertonic saline

Question 25

How long do hypertonic saline effects last?

Answer 25

30 mins

Question 26

When so you give hypertonic saline?

Answer 26

Hypovolaemia or traumatic brain injury

Question 27

What do you follow hypertonic saline with?

Answer 27

Isotonic saline

Question 28

How do colloids work?

Answer 28

Exert osmotic pressure

Question 29

How long do different colloids stay in circulation?

Answer 29

Gelatin 3h, starch 36h

Question 30

What is the problem with using colloids?

Answer 30

Anaphylactic reactions