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Question 1

Fascial Layers of scrotum

Answer 1

Deep is Bucks fascia, which is continuous with the external oblique, internal oblique is cremaster
-tunica albuginia
-processus vaginalis which is a peritoneal fold that may be patent and collect fluid or blood
-

Question 2

Pudendal Nerve

Answer 2

Innervates all strucrues of the urogenital and anal region

Question 3

Broad Ligemnt

Answer 3

Double fold of peritoneum, conatains special ones

Question 4

Round Ligament

Answer 4

Gubernaculum analog and passes through deep inguinal ring (internal oblique) (superficial ring is external oblique)

Question 5

Nerves of Bladder

Answer 5

• SANS control sphincters
• PANS control detrussor
• Pudendal controls external orifice that allows for voluntary voiding

Question 6

PDH

Answer 6

• Requires B1,2,3,5, lipoic acid (aresenic) and generates CO2 NADH and Acertyl CoA which is the starting point for TCA
• X linked defect leads to neurologic defects. Treat with a ketogenic diet including (Leucine and Lysine as amino acids)

Question 7

TCA Cycle

Answer 7

OAA combines with acetyle CoA from glycolysis to generate Citrate

• Citrate Synthase is inhibited by high energy levels (ATP) can shuttle CoA to FA synthesis
• Citrate feedbacks negative to PFK-1 as end product feedback to slow down flux through glycolysis
• Inhibited by high energy states (Excess ATP and NADH) so that acetyl CoA can be shuttled to biosynthetic pathways

Question 8

Net TCA

Answer 8

3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 GTP generated per molecule

Question 9

Alpha Keto Glutarate Dehydrogenase

Answer 9

• Uses same cofactors as PDH (DEHYDROGENASE). B1,2,3,5,lipoic acid. Generates Succinyl CoA from alpha ketoglutarate (CO2 and NADH_
• Succinyl CoA is also the product of odd chain FA metabolism and BCAA through propionyl and malonyl CoA (Use B12)
• Enzyme inhibited by product (Succinyl CoA) and high energy (ATP and NADH)

Question 10

Electron Transport Chaine

Answer 10

• NADH electrons stransported via Malate aspartate shuttle or glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle
• FADH2 are given directly to complex 2
• NADH generates 3 ATP/ and FADH generates 2
• Cyanide binds to complex 4 and inhibits it. Treat overdose with nitrites and thiocyanate
• Oligomycin inhibits ATPsynthase
• DNP and brown adipose uncouple synthase

Question 11

Pyruvate Carobylase

Answer 11

• Requires Biotin, Acetyl CoA and ATP to generate OAA from pyruvate
• Required in glycolysis becquse pyruvate con’t go directly to PEP
• Loacated in mitochondria
• GNG only proceedes in the presence of high energy levels

Question 12

PEP Carboxykinase

Answer 12

OAA to PEP

• Located in cytosol
• Requires GTP

Question 13

F 1,6 Bis phosphatase

Answer 13

• Major point of regulation
• Inhibited by F 2,6 BP
• Runs opposite of PFK1 and generates F-6-P

Question 14

Glucagon Regualtion

Answer 14

Glucagon through PKA phosphorylates PFK-2/F26BPase

-Decreases levels of F2,6BP and leads to increased flux through GNG

Question 15

G-6Passe

Answer 15

Only located in liver and is the step that allows for glucose to be liberated from cells and sent to tissues

Question 16

Other contributers to GNG

Answer 16

• Glycerol can be added to GNG in the glycolytic phase

- Odd chain FA enter at succinyl CoA from proprionyl ad malonyl CoA (B12 dependent)