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Biology > 5 > Flashcards

5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a subatomic particle?

A

A particle smaller than an atom.

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2
Q

What are the three main types of subatomic particles?

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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3
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

Positive.

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4
Q

Which subatomic particle plays a key role in chemical bonding?

A

Electron.

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5
Q

What is the relationship between energy and the distance of an electron from the nucleus?

A

Electrons farther from the nucleus have higher energy.

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6
Q

What is the term for a particle smaller than an atom but larger than a subatomic particle?

A

Elementary particle.

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7
Q

What does the term ‘inert’ mean?

A

Having little or no ability to react chemically

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8
Q

True or False: Inert substances are chemically reactive.

A

False

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: Inert substances have _______ ability to react chemically.

A

little or no

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10
Q

What is an example of an inert gas?

A

Argon

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11
Q

What is the purpose of using inert gases in welding?

A

To prevent oxidation of the weld area

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12
Q

Which of the following is an example of an inert material? A) Oxygen B) Helium C) Hydrogen D) Chlorine

A

B) Helium

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13
Q

What is the main characteristic of inert substances in chemical reactions?

A

They do not participate in the reaction

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14
Q

Inert gases are often used in packaging of food products to prevent ________.

A

spoilage

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15
Q

What type of atmosphere do inert gases create in controlled environments?

A

Stable

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16
Q

True or False: Inert gases are commonly used in fire suppression systems.

A

True

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17
Q

What is the main advantage of using inert gases in fire suppression?

A

They do not react with the fire

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Inert gases have a low _______ potential.

A

reactivity

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19
Q

Which of the following is NOT an inert gas? A) Neon B) Nitrogen C) Oxygen D) Krypton

A

C) Oxygen

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20
Q

What is the primary purpose of using inert gases in the semiconductor industry?

A

To protect sensitive materials from contamination

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21
Q

Inert substances are commonly used as _______ in chemical reactions.

A

catalysts

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22
Q

Which industry commonly uses inert gases in heat treatment processes? A) Automotive B) Aerospace C) Electronics D) Construction

A

A) Automotive

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23
Q

What is the role of inert gases in heat treatment processes?

A

To create an oxygen-free environment for heating metals

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24
Q

True or False: Inert gases have no effect on the physical properties of materials.

A

True

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25
Q

Which of the following is an example of an inert material used in construction? A) Concrete B) Steel C) Aluminum D) Titanium

A

A) Concrete

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26
Q

What is the primary reason for using inert gases in arc welding?

A

To shield the weld from atmospheric contamination

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27
Q

True or False: Inert gases are colorless and odorless.

A

True

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28
Q

Fill in the blank: Inert gases are _______ to human health when inhaled in moderate amounts.

A

not harmful

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29
Q

What is the significance of using inert gases in the oil and gas industry?

A

To prevent explosions and fires during drilling and production processes

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30
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of inert gases? A) Highly reactive B) Flammable C) Non-toxic D) Corrosive

A

C) Non-toxic

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31
Q

What is the primary benefit of using inert gases in the pharmaceutical industry?

A

To prevent contamination and degradation of sensitive drugs

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32
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.

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33
Q

True or False: Buffers are only effective in a narrow pH range.

A

True

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34
Q

What is the equation for the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

A

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

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35
Q

What are the two components of a buffer solution?

A

A weak acid and its conjugate base

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36
Q

Fill in the blank: A buffer solution is most effective when the concentration of the ________ and ________ are approximately equal.

A

acid, base

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37
Q

What happens to the pH of a buffer solution when a small amount of acid is added?

A

The pH remains relatively constant

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38
Q

What is the main function of a buffer in biological systems?

A

To maintain a stable pH for enzymatic reactions

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39
Q

What is the pH range where most buffers are effective?

A

Within one pH unit of the pKa of the weak acid component

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40
Q

How does a buffer resist changes in pH?

A

By neutralizing added acid or base through the reversible reaction of the weak acid and its conjugate base

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41
Q

What is the purpose of a buffer in laboratory experiments?

A

To maintain a constant pH for accurate and reproducible results

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42
Q

Which type of buffer system is more effective at a higher concentration: weak acid or weak base?

A

Weak acid

43
Q

What is the pKa value of a buffer solution?

A

The pH at which the weak acid and its conjugate base are present in equal amounts

44
Q

How does temperature affect the effectiveness of a buffer solution?

A

Higher temperatures can decrease the effectiveness of a buffer solution

45
Q

What is the relationship between buffer capacity and the concentration of the buffer components?

A

Higher concentrations of buffer components result in higher buffer capacity

46
Q

In a buffer solution, what happens to the pH if a strong acid is added?

A

The pH decreases slightly due to the neutralization of the weak base component

47
Q

What is the buffering capacity of a buffer solution?

A

The amount of acid or base that can be added to a buffer without causing a significant change in pH

48
Q

How do you calculate the pH of a buffer solution?

A

Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

49
Q

What is the role of a buffer in the human body?

A

To maintain the pH of blood and other bodily fluids within a narrow range

50
Q

What is the pH of a buffer solution at the pKa of the weak acid component?

A

Equal to the pKa value

51
Q

What is the effect of diluting a buffer solution on its buffering capacity?

A

Dilution decreases the buffering capacity

52
Q

What is the ideal pH range for most biological reactions?

A

Around neutral pH (pH 7)

53
Q

What is the significance of a buffer having a high buffer capacity?

A

It can resist larger changes in pH when acid or base is added

54
Q

What happens to the pH of a buffer solution when a small amount of base is added?

A

The pH remains relatively constant

55
Q

Why is it important to use a buffer in biochemical experiments?

A

To ensure that the pH remains stable for enzyme activity

56
Q

What are isomers?

A

Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.

57
Q

True or False: Isomers have different physical and chemical properties.

A

True

58
Q

What are the two main types of isomers?

A

Structural isomers and stereoisomers.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: Isomers have the same ________ but different arrangements of atoms.

A

molecular formula

60
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Isomers that have the same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms.

61
Q

True or False: Structural isomers have the same physical and chemical properties.

A

False

62
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Isomers that have the same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but differ in spatial arrangement.

63
Q

Fill in the blank: Stereoisomers can be further divided into ________ and ________ isomers.

A

geometric; optical

64
Q

What is a geometric isomer?

A

Stereoisomers that differ in the arrangement of groups around a double bond or ring.

65
Q

True or False: Geometric isomers have different physical and chemical properties.

A

True

66
Q

What is an optical isomer?

A

Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

67
Q

Fill in the blank: Optical isomers are also known as ________ isomers.

A

enantiomeric

68
Q

How many stereocenters does a molecule need to have optical isomers?

A

At least one stereocenter.

69
Q

True or False: Optical isomers rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.

A

True

70
Q

What is a meso compound?

A

A molecule that has chiral centers but is optically inactive due to internal symmetry.

71
Q

Fill in the blank: Meso compounds have an ________ plane of symmetry.

A

internal

72
Q

How many stereocenters does a molecule need to have geometric isomers?

A

At least one stereocenter.

73
Q

True or False: Geometric isomers can occur in molecules with double bonds or rings.

A

True

74
Q

What is tautomerism?

A

A type of isomerism where a molecule exists in equilibrium between two structural isomers.

75
Q

Fill in the blank: Tautomerism involves the movement of a ________ from one position to another.

A

hydrogen atom

76
Q

True or False: Tautomerism results in different functional groups in the isomers.

A

True

77
Q

What is conformational isomerism?

A

Isomerism that arises from the rotation of single bonds.

78
Q

Fill in the blank: Conformational isomerism does not involve changes in ________.

A

connectivity

79
Q

True or False: Conformational isomers have different physical properties.

A

False

80
Q

What is regioisomerism?

A

Isomerism where the isomers differ in the placement of functional groups.

81
Q

What is the valence shell?

A

The outermost shell of an atom that contains valence electrons.

82
Q

How many electrons can the valence shell hold?

A

The valence shell can hold up to 8 electrons.

83
Q

True or False: The number of electrons in the valence shell determines the chemical properties of an element.

A

True

84
Q

What is the significance of the valence shell in chemical bonding?

A

The valence shell determines how an atom will interact with other atoms to form chemical bonds.

85
Q

Which group of elements has a completely filled valence shell?

A

Noble gases

86
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of 8 electrons.

87
Q

How many valence electrons does an atom of oxygen have?

A

6

88
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ shell is involved in chemical reactions.

A

valence

89
Q

What happens to the reactivity of elements as you move from left to right across a period on the periodic table?

A

Reactivity decreases

90
Q

Why do elements in the same group on the periodic table have similar chemical properties?

A

Because they have the same number of valence electrons.

91
Q

Which element has 4 valence electrons?

A

Carbon

92
Q

What is the charge of an atom that has lost 2 electrons from its valence shell?

A

2+

93
Q

How many valence electrons does an atom of sodium have?

A

1

94
Q

What type of elements tend to lose electrons to achieve a full valence shell?

A

Metals

95
Q

What is the electron configuration of an atom with a full valence shell?

A

Stable

96
Q

Which element has 7 valence electrons?

A

Chlorine

97
Q

True or False: Atoms with a full valence shell are less likely to form chemical bonds.

A

True

98
Q

What is the term for atoms sharing electrons to achieve a full valence shell?

A

Covalent bonding

99
Q

Which element has 3 valence electrons?

A

Aluminum

100
Q

What is the name of the group of elements that have partially filled valence shells?

A

Transition metals

101
Q

What is the charge of an atom that has gained 3 electrons in its valence shell?

A

3-

102
Q

How many valence electrons does an atom of nitrogen have?

A

5

103
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ electrons are involved in chemical bonding.

A

valence

104
Q

What is the term for the outermost electrons in an atom?

A

Valence electrons

Biology (9 decks)

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