4th Test Flashcards
1
Q
ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION
A
abduction: movement away from the midline.
adduction: movement toward the midline.
2
Q
ACROMION PROCESS
A
Part of ulna or something like that.
3
Q
ADDUCT THE ARM
A
Move towards body
4
Q
ANTAGONISTS
A
Inhibits functions
5
Q
ANGULAR MOVEMENTS
A
a. flexion: bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint.
b. extension: reverse of flexion, joint angle is increased.
c. dorsiflexion: up movement of the foot.
d. plantar flexion: down movement of the foot.
e. abduction: movement away from the midline.
f. adduction: movement toward the midline.
g. circumduction: movement describes a cone in space. Uses flexion, dorsiflexion, abduction, adduction.
6
Q
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
A
keeps the two ends of the bones from rubbing.
7
Q
ATROPHY
A
Waste away or degeneration
8
Q
BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS
A
a spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another. Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints. Ex- shoulder and hip joint.
9
Q
BEDREST OBJECTIVES
A
- Reduces physical activity and oxygen needs. Heart attack, aneurism patients.
- Reduce pain. Used on pregnant
- Allows ill patients to rest and regain strength. Fresh amputation.
- Allows the overworked patient to relax.
10
Q
BICEPS
A
Two muscle attachments/heads
11
Q
BICEPS BRACHII
A
The large muscle in the upper arm that turns the hand to face palm uppermost and flexes the arm and forearm
12
Q
BODY MECHANICS
A
is the coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous system to maintain proper balance, posture, and body alignment during lifting, bending, moving, and performing activities of daily living. Most efficient way to use your body with the least amount of strain on it.
13
Q
BODY OF BONE
A
the middle, strongest, biggest, thickest, most protective.
14
Q
BRACHIALIS
A
Middle part of arm muscles
15
Q
BUCCINATOR
A
Cheek muscle
16
Q
BURSAE
A
flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid. Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together.
17
Q
BURSITIS
A
an inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction. Symptoms are pain and swelling. Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated.
18
Q
CIRCUMDUCTION
A
movement describes a cone in space. Uses flexion, dorsiflexion, abduction, adduction.
19
Q
COMMINUTED
A
Producing multiple bone splinters
20
Q
COMPLETE MOBILITY
A
full movement
21
Q
CONDYLOID JOINTS
A
oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complimentary depression in another. Both articular surfaces are oval. Biaxial joints permit all angular motions. Ex- radiocarpal (wrist). Between femur and tibia.
22
Q
CONTRACTILITY
A
Capability of producing a contraction
23
Q
CONTRACTURE
A
joints frozen in flex
24
Q
CORACOID PROCESS
A
bird’s beak like projection.
25
CORONAL SUTURE
Between frontal and parietal
26
DIAPHRAGM
Separates thorax and abdomen. Assists in breathing.
27
DIAPHYSIS
tubular shaft that forms the axis of the long bones.
28
DORSIFLEX /INVERSION OF FOOT
up movement of the foot.
29
ENDOMYSIUM
surrounds each muscle fiber. Made of reticular muscle tissue. Binds other muscle fibers to each other. Where muscle repair takes place.
30
ENDOSTEUM
delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone. Simple squamous epithelial tissue. Provides a slick lining for things to flow over. Participates bone growth and repair from the inside.
31
EPIMYSIUM
outer layer. Made of tough connective dense tissue. Covers the whole muscle for attachment. Chemical barrier for muscle.
32
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
growth plate. Separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses. Doesn't become a line until after you stop growing
33
EPIPHYSIS
expanded ends of long bones. Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone.
34
ETHMOID
Has conchas and such
35
EXCITABILITY
the ability to receive and respond to stimuli.
36
EXTENSION/FLEXION
flexion: bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint.
extension: reverse of flexion, joint angle is increased.
37
EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALS BREVIS
Muscle for wrist
38
FACET
smooth, nearly flat articular surface.
39
FEMUR
Big leg bone
40
FIBROUS JOINTS
1. sutures- occur between bones of the skulls, interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers, bind bones tightly together and allow for growth, middle age skull bones fuse together
2. syndesmoses: bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament. Movement varies from immovable to slightly variable. Examples include the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna.
3. gomphoses: the peg in socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket. The fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament.
41
FIBULA
Skinny bone in lower leg for stabilizing ankle
42
FISSURE
narrow, slit like opening.
43
FLAT BONES
thin flattened and a bit curved (sternum, and most skull bones). Protection, Muscle attachment sites, and site for red bone marrow
44
FLEXION
Bending joint to decrease angle
45
FONTANELS
Soft spot
46
FORAMEN
round or oval opening through a bone. always a passage way for blood vessels and nerves.
47
FUNCTIONS OF BONE
1. Support- form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs
2. Protection- provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs.
3. Movement- provide levers for muscles.
4. Mineral storage- reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus.
5. Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones.
48
GLINOID PROCESS
Ulna
49
GLIDING JOINTS
one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface. Ex- intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae.
50
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
Butt
51
GOMPHOSIS
the peg in socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket. The fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament.
52
GOUTY ARTHRITIS
deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammation response. Typically, gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base of the great toe. In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint. Treatment- colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and glucocorticoids.
53
GRACILIS
A slender superficial muscle in the inner thigh
54
hematopoiesis
is the formation of blood cellular components.
55
HINGE JOINT
hinge: cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another. Motion is along a single plane. Uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only. Elbow and interphalangeal joints.
56
HYALINE CARTILAGE
1. Provides support, flexibility, and resilience.
2. Is the most abundant skeletal cartilage.
7. Present in these cartilages
a. Articular- covers the ends of long bones.
b. Costal- connects the ribs to the sternum.
c. Respiratory- makes up larynx, reinforces air passages.
d. Nasal- supports the nose.
57
HYOID BONE
Base of tongue. Doesn't articulate with any other bone.
58
HYPEREXTENSION
Extend muscle beyond limit
59
IMMOBILITY
majority regions of body have lost movement.
60
INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE
Cleanses air
61
INSERTION
Attachment: movable part
62
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
Discs between vertebrae
63
INVERSION/EVERSION
turning sole of foot out/in.
64
IRREGULAR BONES
bones with complicated shapes (vertebrae and hip bones). Protection.
65
ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS
the muscle changes in length (decreasing the angle of the joint) and moves the load. 2 types: Concentric- the muscle shortens and does work. Eccentric- the muscle contracts as it lengthens.
66
JOINT CAVITY
Cavity within joints usually filled with synovial fluid.
67
KICKING FOOTBALL MUSCLES
Flexor digitorum longus
68
LACRIMAL
Drains excess tears into the nose
69
LACTIC ACID
Accumulates with muscle fatigue
70
LATERAL MALLEOLUS
On fibula
71
lateral/medial excursion
moving mandible sideways.
72
LATISSIMUS DORSI
Adduct, rotate, and extend arm
73
LEVATOR
A muscle that causes the raising of a body part
74
LEVERS
Help in movement
75
LONG BONES
longer than they are wide. All long bones are levers (help in movement).
76
MANDIBLE
Chin
77
MASSETER
Closes jaw in chewing
78
MAXILLA
Top teeth, eye sockets, nose
79
MEDULLARY CAVITY
in the center of the diaphysis. Made up of yellow bone marrow.
80
MUSCLE FIBERS
1. Contraction- refers to the activation of myosin's cross bridges (force generating sites)
2. Shortening occurs when the tension generated by the cross bridge exceeds forces opposing shortening.
3. Contraction ends when cross bridges become inactive, the tension generated declines, and relaxation is induced.
4. Cntraction of muscle fibers (cells) and muscles (organs) is similar.
5. 2 types. Isometric contraction- increasing muscle tension (muscle does not shorten during contraction). Isotonic contraction- decreasing muscle length (muscle shortens)
81
MUSCLE TONE
is the constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles, which does not produce active movements. Keeps the muscles firm, healthy, and ready to respond to stimulus. Spinal reflexes account for muscle tone by activating one motor unit and then another, and responding to activation of stretch receptors in muscle and tendons.
82
NASAL BONE
Made of two bones
83
NASAL SEPTUM MAKE UP
Perpendicular plate, vomer, and conchae
84
NASALIS
Flares or dilates nostrils.
85
NASOLACRAMIL DUCT
Duct that carries excess tears in the nose
86
OCCIPITALFRONTALIS
Moves scalp and elevates eyebrows
87
OPPOSITION/REPOSITION
moving thumb and pinky away/towards eachother.
88
ORBICULARIS ORIS
Close and picker lips (kissing)
89
ORDER OF ABDOMINAL MUSCLES
Transversus Abdominis, Internal Oblique Muscles, External Obliques, Rectus Abdominus, Spinal Action of the Abs, The Abs and Breathing
90
ORIGIN
Attachment: anchor
91
PARTIAL MOBILITY
one or two regions where mobility is lost.
92
PECTORALIS MINOR
Depresses the scapula and elevates the ribs
93
PERIMYSIUM
made of connective tissue. Creates bundles within the muscle itself. Takes a whole bunch of muscle cells and wrap them up.
94
PERIOSTEUM
double layered protective membrane. Outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective tissue. Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina. Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey's fibers. Four Functions- 1. Isolates and protects the bone from the surrounding tissue. 2. Provides a place for vessels. 3. Actively participates in bone growth and repair. 4. Attaches the bone to the connective tissue.
95
PITUITARY GLAND
Growth hormone
96
PIVOT JOINTS
rounded end of one bone protrudes into "sleeve," or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments of another. Only uniaxial movement allowed.
97
PLANE JOINTS
articular surfaces are essentially flat. Allows only slipping or gliding movements. Only examples of nonaxial joints.
98
PLANTAR FLEXION
down movement of the foot.
99
PLATYSMA
A broad sheet of muscle fibers extending from the collar bone to the angular part of the jaw. Depresses lower lip, wrinkles skin of upper chest and neck.
100
PRIME MOVER
Muscle?
101
PROCERUS
Wrinkle/frown with eyebrow.
102
PRONATION
moving palms downward.
103
PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
I. Muscle overview: the three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. These types differ in structure, location, function, and means of activation.
A. muscle similarities:
1. Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated and are called muscle fibers.
2. Muscle contraction depends on two kinds of myofilaments- actin and myosin.
3. Muscle terminology is similar. Sarcolemma- muscle plasma membrane. Sarcoplasm- cytoplasm of a muscle cell. Prefixes- myo, mys, and sarco all refer to muscle.
104
PROTRACTION/RETRACTION
moving forward/back. Like with shoulders.
105
QUADRICEPS FEMORIS
Allow to extend leg
106
QUADRICEPS
Large muscle in front of thigh.
107
RAMUS
Sides of mandible.
108
RED MARROW
in infants, found in the medullary cavity and all areas of the spongy bone. In adults, found in the diploë of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus.
109
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with an insidious onset. Usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50, but may occur at. Any age. Signs and symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems. The course of RA in marked with exacerbations and remissions. RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint. Inflammatory chemicals are inappropriately released. Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus. Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect. The end result, ankylosis, produces bent, deformed fingers. Treatment: conservative therapy- aspirin, long term use of antibiotics, and physical therapy. Progressive treatment- anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants. The drug Enbrel, a biological response modifier, neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals.
110
ROTATION
turning bone around its own long axis.
111
SAGITTAL SUTURE
Down parietal
112
SARCOLEMMA
muscle plasma membrane
113
SARTORIUS
the longest muscle in the human body – is a long thin muscle that runs down the length of the thigh in the anterior compartment.
114
SCALENES
Elevates 1st and 2nd ribs
115
SEMIMEMBRANOUS
Allows to flex and rotate leg, also tenses knee cap.
116
SEMITENDINOSUS
Allows to flex and rotate leg
117
SESAMOID
found within tendons. No contact with other bones.
118
SHORT BONES
cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle. Short as they are wide. Aid in .
119
SKELETAL TISSUE
1. Contains no blood vessels or nerves. Only tissue in the body that cannot have cancer.
2. Surrounded by the perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue) that resists outward expansion.
3. Three types- hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
4
120
Sphenoid
Protective of bottom of cranium because it forms anterior base. Passageway for cranial nerves and blood vessels. Houses and protects pituitary gland
121
SPINE
sharp, slender projection.
122
SPLENIUS CAPITIS
Rotate and extend the head
123
STYOLOID PROCESS
Pointed toothpick end
124
SUPINATION
Palms upward
125
SUTURE JOINT
occur between bones of the skulls, interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers, bind bones tightly together and allow for growth, middle age skull bones fuse together
126
SYMPHYSES
hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage. Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility. Examples include intervertebral joints and the pubic
127
SYNCHONDROSES
a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones. All are synarthrotic. Examples- epiphyseal plate of children, joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum.
128
SYNDESMOSES
bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament. Movement varies from immovable to slightly variable. Examples include the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna.
129
SYNERGIST
Things that come together to form a greater sum than the two parts alone
130
SYNOVIAL JOINT
most common joint. Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by. A fluid-containing joint cavity. All are freely movable diarthrosis. All limb joints, and most joints of the body.
131
SYNOVIAL FLUID
made out of blood products, proteins, fats, and water.
132
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Whats between the joints that contains synovial fluid.
133
TARSELS
Weight bearing, stability of ankle
134
TEMPORALIS
Elevates, retracts, plays a role in excursion of the mandible (mastication).
135
TERES MAJOR
Adducts, extends, and rotates the arm.
136
TIBIA
Supports body weight and transfers it to the talus. Aids in transportation.
137
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
Dorsiflex and invert foot
138
TONE
is the constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles, which does not produce active movements. Keeps the muscles firm, healthy, and ready to respond to stimulus. Spinal reflexes account for muscle tone by activating one motor unit and then another, and responding to activation of stretch receptors in muscle and tendons.
139
TRICEPS BRACHII
Extend and abduct arm
140
TUBEROSITY
Rounded bump
141
YELLOW MARROW
made up of adipose tissue. Acts as a shock absorber.
142
ZYGOMATIC
Forms cheek bones, outer parts of sockets, and is a passageway for nerves.
143
ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR
Elevates and abducts upper lip (smiling)
