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HOE > 4th Test > Flashcards

4th Test Flashcards

1
Q

ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION

A

abduction: movement away from the midline.
adduction: movement toward the midline.

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2
Q

ACROMION PROCESS

A

Part of ulna or something like that.

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3
Q

ADDUCT THE ARM

A

Move towards body

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4
Q

ANTAGONISTS

A

Inhibits functions

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5
Q

ANGULAR MOVEMENTS

A

a. flexion: bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint.
b. extension: reverse of flexion, joint angle is increased.
c. dorsiflexion: up movement of the foot.
d. plantar flexion: down movement of the foot.
e. abduction: movement away from the midline.
f. adduction: movement toward the midline.
g. circumduction: movement describes a cone in space. Uses flexion, dorsiflexion, abduction, adduction.

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6
Q

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

A

keeps the two ends of the bones from rubbing.

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7
Q

ATROPHY

A

Waste away or degeneration

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8
Q

BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS

A

a spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another. Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints. Ex- shoulder and hip joint.

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9
Q

BEDREST OBJECTIVES

A
  1. Reduces physical activity and oxygen needs. Heart attack, aneurism patients.
  2. Reduce pain. Used on pregnant
  3. Allows ill patients to rest and regain strength. Fresh amputation.
  4. Allows the overworked patient to relax.
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10
Q

BICEPS

A

Two muscle attachments/heads

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11
Q

BICEPS BRACHII

A

The large muscle in the upper arm that turns the hand to face palm uppermost and flexes the arm and forearm

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12
Q

BODY MECHANICS

A

is the coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous system to maintain proper balance, posture, and body alignment during lifting, bending, moving, and performing activities of daily living. Most efficient way to use your body with the least amount of strain on it.

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13
Q

BODY OF BONE

A

the middle, strongest, biggest, thickest, most protective.

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14
Q

BRACHIALIS

A

Middle part of arm muscles

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15
Q

BUCCINATOR

A

Cheek muscle

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16
Q

BURSAE

A

flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid. Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together.

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17
Q

BURSITIS

A

an inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction. Symptoms are pain and swelling. Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated.

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18
Q

CIRCUMDUCTION

A

movement describes a cone in space. Uses flexion, dorsiflexion, abduction, adduction.

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19
Q

COMMINUTED

A

Producing multiple bone splinters

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20
Q

COMPLETE MOBILITY

A

full movement

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21
Q

CONDYLOID JOINTS

A

oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complimentary depression in another. Both articular surfaces are oval. Biaxial joints permit all angular motions. Ex- radiocarpal (wrist). Between femur and tibia.

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22
Q

CONTRACTILITY

A

Capability of producing a contraction

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23
Q

CONTRACTURE

A

joints frozen in flex

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24
Q

CORACOID PROCESS

A

bird’s beak like projection.

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25
Q

CORONAL SUTURE

A

Between frontal and parietal

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26
Q

DIAPHRAGM

A

Separates thorax and abdomen. Assists in breathing.

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27
Q

DIAPHYSIS

A

tubular shaft that forms the axis of the long bones.

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28
Q

DORSIFLEX /INVERSION OF FOOT

A

up movement of the foot.

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29
Q

ENDOMYSIUM

A

surrounds each muscle fiber. Made of reticular muscle tissue. Binds other muscle fibers to each other. Where muscle repair takes place.

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30
Q

ENDOSTEUM

A

delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone. Simple squamous epithelial tissue. Provides a slick lining for things to flow over. Participates bone growth and repair from the inside.

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31
Q

EPIMYSIUM

A

outer layer. Made of tough connective dense tissue. Covers the whole muscle for attachment. Chemical barrier for muscle.

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32
Q

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

A

growth plate. Separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses. Doesn’t become a line until after you stop growing

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33
Q

EPIPHYSIS

A

expanded ends of long bones. Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone.

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34
Q

ETHMOID

A

Has conchas and such

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35
Q

EXCITABILITY

A

the ability to receive and respond to stimuli.

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36
Q

EXTENSION/FLEXION

A

flexion: bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint.
extension: reverse of flexion, joint angle is increased.

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37
Q

EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALS BREVIS

A

Muscle for wrist

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38
Q

FACET

A

smooth, nearly flat articular surface.

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39
Q

FEMUR

A

Big leg bone

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40
Q

FIBROUS JOINTS

A
  1. sutures- occur between bones of the skulls, interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers, bind bones tightly together and allow for growth, middle age skull bones fuse together
    2. syndesmoses: bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament. Movement varies from immovable to slightly variable. Examples include the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna.
    3. gomphoses: the peg in socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket. The fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament.
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41
Q

FIBULA

A

Skinny bone in lower leg for stabilizing ankle

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42
Q

FISSURE

A

narrow, slit like opening.

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43
Q

FLAT BONES

A

thin flattened and a bit curved (sternum, and most skull bones). Protection, Muscle attachment sites, and site for red bone marrow

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44
Q

FLEXION

A

Bending joint to decrease angle

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45
Q

FONTANELS

A

Soft spot

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46
Q

FORAMEN

A

round or oval opening through a bone. always a passage way for blood vessels and nerves.

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47
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BONE

A
  1. Support- form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs
    2. Protection- provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs.
    3. Movement- provide levers for muscles.
    4. Mineral storage- reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus.
    5. Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones.
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48
Q

GLINOID PROCESS

A

Ulna

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49
Q

GLIDING JOINTS

A

one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface. Ex- intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae.

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50
Q

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS

A

Butt

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51
Q

GOMPHOSIS

A

the peg in socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket. The fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament.

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52
Q

GOUTY ARTHRITIS

A

deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammation response. Typically, gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base of the great toe. In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint. Treatment- colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and glucocorticoids.

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53
Q

GRACILIS

A

A slender superficial muscle in the inner thigh

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54
Q

hematopoiesis

A

is the formation of blood cellular components.

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55
Q

HINGE JOINT

A

hinge: cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another. Motion is along a single plane. Uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only. Elbow and interphalangeal joints.

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56
Q

HYALINE CARTILAGE

A
  1. Provides support, flexibility, and resilience.
    2. Is the most abundant skeletal cartilage.
    7. Present in these cartilages
    a. Articular- covers the ends of long bones.
    b. Costal- connects the ribs to the sternum.
    c. Respiratory- makes up larynx, reinforces air passages.
    d. Nasal- supports the nose.
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57
Q

HYOID BONE

A

Base of tongue. Doesn’t articulate with any other bone.

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58
Q

HYPEREXTENSION

A

Extend muscle beyond limit

59
Q

IMMOBILITY

A

majority regions of body have lost movement.

60
Q

INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE

A

Cleanses air

61
Q

INSERTION

A

Attachment: movable part

62
Q

INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

A

Discs between vertebrae

63
Q

INVERSION/EVERSION

A

turning sole of foot out/in.

64
Q

IRREGULAR BONES

A

bones with complicated shapes (vertebrae and hip bones). Protection.

65
Q

ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS

A

the muscle changes in length (decreasing the angle of the joint) and moves the load. 2 types: Concentric- the muscle shortens and does work. Eccentric- the muscle contracts as it lengthens.

66
Q

JOINT CAVITY

A

Cavity within joints usually filled with synovial fluid.

67
Q

KICKING FOOTBALL MUSCLES

A

Flexor digitorum longus

68
Q

LACRIMAL

A

Drains excess tears into the nose

69
Q

LACTIC ACID

A

Accumulates with muscle fatigue

70
Q

LATERAL MALLEOLUS

A

On fibula

71
Q

lateral/medial excursion

A

moving mandible sideways.

72
Q

LATISSIMUS DORSI

A

Adduct, rotate, and extend arm

73
Q

LEVATOR

A

A muscle that causes the raising of a body part

74
Q

LEVERS

A

Help in movement

75
Q

LONG BONES

A

longer than they are wide. All long bones are levers (help in movement).

76
Q

MANDIBLE

A

Chin

77
Q

MASSETER

A

Closes jaw in chewing

78
Q

MAXILLA

A

Top teeth, eye sockets, nose

79
Q

MEDULLARY CAVITY

A

in the center of the diaphysis. Made up of yellow bone marrow.

80
Q

MUSCLE FIBERS

A
  1. Contraction- refers to the activation of myosin’s cross bridges (force generating sites)
    2. Shortening occurs when the tension generated by the cross bridge exceeds forces opposing shortening.
    3. Contraction ends when cross bridges become inactive, the tension generated declines, and relaxation is induced.
    4. Cntraction of muscle fibers (cells) and muscles (organs) is similar.
    5. 2 types. Isometric contraction- increasing muscle tension (muscle does not shorten during contraction). Isotonic contraction- decreasing muscle length (muscle shortens)
81
Q

MUSCLE TONE

A

is the constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles, which does not produce active movements. Keeps the muscles firm, healthy, and ready to respond to stimulus. Spinal reflexes account for muscle tone by activating one motor unit and then another, and responding to activation of stretch receptors in muscle and tendons.

82
Q

NASAL BONE

A

Made of two bones

83
Q

NASAL SEPTUM MAKE UP

A

Perpendicular plate, vomer, and conchae

84
Q

NASALIS

A

Flares or dilates nostrils.

85
Q

NASOLACRAMIL DUCT

A

Duct that carries excess tears in the nose

86
Q

OCCIPITALFRONTALIS

A

Moves scalp and elevates eyebrows

87
Q

OPPOSITION/REPOSITION

A

moving thumb and pinky away/towards eachother.

88
Q

ORBICULARIS ORIS

A

Close and picker lips (kissing)

89
Q

ORDER OF ABDOMINAL MUSCLES

A

Transversus Abdominis, Internal Oblique Muscles, External Obliques, Rectus Abdominus, Spinal Action of the Abs, The Abs and Breathing

90
Q

ORIGIN

A

Attachment: anchor

91
Q

PARTIAL MOBILITY

A

one or two regions where mobility is lost.

92
Q

PECTORALIS MINOR

A

Depresses the scapula and elevates the ribs

93
Q

PERIMYSIUM

A

made of connective tissue. Creates bundles within the muscle itself. Takes a whole bunch of muscle cells and wrap them up.

94
Q

PERIOSTEUM

A

double layered protective membrane. Outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective tissue. Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina. Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers. Four Functions- 1. Isolates and protects the bone from the surrounding tissue. 2. Provides a place for vessels. 3. Actively participates in bone growth and repair. 4. Attaches the bone to the connective tissue.

95
Q

PITUITARY GLAND

A

Growth hormone

96
Q

PIVOT JOINTS

A

rounded end of one bone protrudes into “sleeve,” or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments of another. Only uniaxial movement allowed.

97
Q

PLANE JOINTS

A

articular surfaces are essentially flat. Allows only slipping or gliding movements. Only examples of nonaxial joints.

98
Q

PLANTAR FLEXION

A

down movement of the foot.

99
Q

PLATYSMA

A

A broad sheet of muscle fibers extending from the collar bone to the angular part of the jaw. Depresses lower lip, wrinkles skin of upper chest and neck.

100
Q

PRIME MOVER

A

Muscle?

101
Q

PROCERUS

A

Wrinkle/frown with eyebrow.

102
Q

PRONATION

A

moving palms downward.

103
Q

PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

A

I. Muscle overview: the three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. These types differ in structure, location, function, and means of activation.

A.  muscle similarities:

     1. Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated and are called muscle fibers.
      2. Muscle contraction depends on two kinds of myofilaments- actin and myosin.
      3. Muscle terminology is similar. Sarcolemma- muscle plasma membrane. Sarcoplasm- cytoplasm of a muscle cell. Prefixes- myo, mys, and sarco all refer to muscle.
104
Q

PROTRACTION/RETRACTION

A

moving forward/back. Like with shoulders.

105
Q

QUADRICEPS FEMORIS

A

Allow to extend leg

106
Q

QUADRICEPS

A

Large muscle in front of thigh.

107
Q

RAMUS

A

Sides of mandible.

108
Q

RED MARROW

A

in infants, found in the medullary cavity and all areas of the spongy bone. In adults, found in the diploë of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus.

109
Q

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

A

chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with an insidious onset. Usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50, but may occur at. Any age. Signs and symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems. The course of RA in marked with exacerbations and remissions. RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint. Inflammatory chemicals are inappropriately released. Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus. Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect. The end result, ankylosis, produces bent, deformed fingers. Treatment: conservative therapy- aspirin, long term use of antibiotics, and physical therapy. Progressive treatment- anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants. The drug Enbrel, a biological response modifier, neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals.

110
Q

ROTATION

A

turning bone around its own long axis.

111
Q

SAGITTAL SUTURE

A

Down parietal

112
Q

SARCOLEMMA

A

muscle plasma membrane

113
Q

SARTORIUS

A

the longest muscle in the human body – is a long thin muscle that runs down the length of the thigh in the anterior compartment.

114
Q

SCALENES

A

Elevates 1st and 2nd ribs

115
Q

SEMIMEMBRANOUS

A

Allows to flex and rotate leg, also tenses knee cap.

116
Q

SEMITENDINOSUS

A

Allows to flex and rotate leg

117
Q

SESAMOID

A

found within tendons. No contact with other bones.

118
Q

SHORT BONES

A

cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle. Short as they are wide. Aid in .

119
Q

SKELETAL TISSUE

A
  1. Contains no blood vessels or nerves. Only tissue in the body that cannot have cancer.
    2. Surrounded by the perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue) that resists outward expansion.
    3. Three types- hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
     4
120
Q

Sphenoid

A

Protective of bottom of cranium because it forms anterior base. Passageway for cranial nerves and blood vessels. Houses and protects pituitary gland

121
Q

SPINE

A

sharp, slender projection.

122
Q

SPLENIUS CAPITIS

A

Rotate and extend the head

123
Q

STYOLOID PROCESS

A

Pointed toothpick end

124
Q

SUPINATION

A

Palms upward

125
Q

SUTURE JOINT

A

occur between bones of the skulls, interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers, bind bones tightly together and allow for growth, middle age skull bones fuse together

126
Q

SYMPHYSES

A

hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage. Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility. Examples include intervertebral joints and the pubic

127
Q

SYNCHONDROSES

A

a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones. All are synarthrotic. Examples- epiphyseal plate of children, joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum.

128
Q

SYNDESMOSES

A

bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament. Movement varies from immovable to slightly variable. Examples include the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna.

129
Q

SYNERGIST

A

Things that come together to form a greater sum than the two parts alone

130
Q

SYNOVIAL JOINT

A

most common joint. Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by. A fluid-containing joint cavity. All are freely movable diarthrosis. All limb joints, and most joints of the body.

131
Q

SYNOVIAL FLUID

A

made out of blood products, proteins, fats, and water.

132
Q

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

A

Whats between the joints that contains synovial fluid.

133
Q

TARSELS

A

Weight bearing, stability of ankle

134
Q

TEMPORALIS

A

Elevates, retracts, plays a role in excursion of the mandible (mastication).

135
Q

TERES MAJOR

A

Adducts, extends, and rotates the arm.

136
Q

TIBIA

A

Supports body weight and transfers it to the talus. Aids in transportation.

137
Q

TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

A

Dorsiflex and invert foot

138
Q

TONE

A

is the constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles, which does not produce active movements. Keeps the muscles firm, healthy, and ready to respond to stimulus. Spinal reflexes account for muscle tone by activating one motor unit and then another, and responding to activation of stretch receptors in muscle and tendons.

139
Q

TRICEPS BRACHII

A

Extend and abduct arm

140
Q

TUBEROSITY

A

Rounded bump

141
Q

YELLOW MARROW

A

made up of adipose tissue. Acts as a shock absorber.

142
Q

ZYGOMATIC

A

Forms cheek bones, outer parts of sockets, and is a passageway for nerves.

143
Q

ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR

A

Elevates and abducts upper lip (smiling)

HOE (7 decks)

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