3rd Test Flashcards
1
Q
ABSORPTION
A
movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph.
2
Q
ABSORPTIVE CELLS
A
produce enzymes necessary for the absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
3
Q
ACCESSORY ORGANS
A
liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.
4
Q
ADVENTITIA
A
outermost layer of trachea made of c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.
5
Q
ALPHA CELLS
A
make up 20% of the islets. Secrete glucagon. Targets are the liver, the skeletal muscle, and the adipose tissue. Break down sugar and put back into the blood stream. Control the blood sugar. Believed to cause diabetes.
6
Q
ALVEOLI
A
surrounded by fine elastic fibers. Contain open pores that- connect adjacent alveoli, Allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized. House macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile.
7
Q
ASPHYXIA
A
decreased oxygen in the air. Like putting plastic bag on the head.
8
Q
ASTHMA
A
Narrowing of the airways caused by bronchial spasms, edema, hyper secretion, or hyper sensitivity. Problem in the conducting zone. Major difference than the others is its caused by genetics, irritants, and allergies and that the symptoms only happen during an attack. Oxygen levels go down, CO2 goes up. Shortness of breath. Wheezes. Productive cough. Night attacks. Treatment- bronchial dilator, some are fast acting, some are long term that they take a puff a day. 2nd treatment- antibiotics, oral medications, chest percussion, and oxygen.
9
Q
BETA CELLS
A
secretes insulin. Targets the liver, the skeletal muscle, the adipose tissue, and the hunger center in the brain. Has four functions- supports the metabolic activity of carbs, fats, and proteins into the cell (carries nutrients inti the cell); aids glucose in entering the skeletal muscles; prevents the mobilization of fat from fat cells; stores glucose.
10
Q
BILIRUBIN
A
a waste product of heme
11
Q
BOYLE’S LAW
A
the relationship between the pressure and volume of gases.
12
Q
BRONCHUS
A
tissue walls of bronchi mimic that of the trachea. As conducting tubes become smaller, structural changes occur. Cartilage support structures change. Epithelium types change. Amount of smooth muscle increases.
13
Q
BUCCAL FAT PADS
A
Part of cheeks, along with buccinators.
14
Q
BUCCINATOR
A
Flat, thin muscle in the wall of the cheek.
15
Q
CARINA
A
Carina of the last tracheal cartilage marks the end of the trachea and beginning of the bronchi.
16
Q
CHARLE’S LAW
A
Gas expands when heated.
17
Q
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
A
Secretions- mucus (lubrication and protection), water (universal solvent), enzymes (speed up reactions)
18
Q
CHEMORECEPTORS
A
A sensory cell or organ responsive to chemical stimuli.
19
Q
CHRONIC BRONCHITUS
A
(blue bloaters) excessive production of mucus in the bronchi that leads to a chronic productive cough for more than three months for two years in a row. Number one cause is smoking. Starts in 20s but doesnt go to the doctor until 50s. Changes in body- arteriole oxygen is low and carbon dioxide is high. Exercise helps. Expiratory flow rate is decreased, vital capacity is decreased, and their residual volume is increased. Signs and symptoms- productive cough, well nourished, wheezes, barrel chests, become very cyanotic towards the end. Treatment, bronchial dilators, chest percussion.
20
Q
CHYME
A
Bolus changes to chyme upon entering the stomach.
21
Q
CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CELLS
A
secretion and absorption in the nasopharynx.
22
Q
CIRRHOSIS
A
When active liver cells are replaced with scar tissue over a long period of time. Causes- alcohol is number one. Symptoms- nauseated, bowel pattern. Treatment- withdrawal of alcohol, or a liver transplant (but if alcoholics cant get the transplant).
23
Q
CONCHAE
A
protrude medially from the lateral walls. Increase mucosal area. Enhance air turbulence and help filter air. Sensitive mucosa triggers sneezing when stimulated by irritating particles. Filter heat and moisten air. Reclaim heat and moisture. Minimize heat and moisture loss.
24
Q
CONDUCTING ZONE
A
(movement of air) Starts at carina-primary bronchi(2)-secondary bronchi(5)-tertiary bronchi(9-10)-bronchioles-terminal bronchioles.
25
CRICOID CARTILAGE
The ring shaped cartilage of the larynx.
26
CYANOSIS
Blueish discoloration due to lack of oxygen.
27
DALTON’S LAW
total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. The partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture.
28
DEFECATION
elimination of indigestible solid wastes
29
DEGLUTITATION
(Swallowing): coordinated activity of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, esophagus, and 22 separate muscle groups. Buccal phase- bolus is forced into the oropharynx. Pharyngeal esophagus phase- controlled by the medulla and lower pons. All routes except into the digestive tract are sealed off.
30
DELTA CELLS
5% of the islets. secrete somatostatin. Targets the anterior pituitary gland. Inhibits the release of insulin, growth hormone, and glycogen.
31
DIABETES- CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, ETC
```
Type 1 (juvenile diabetes): there is no insulin being produced. Beta cells are shut down.
Type 2 (adult onset): sluggish, ineffective response to carbs.
Type 3 (gestational): not producing enough insulin for both mother and child. Sometimes causes type 2.
Causes: Genetic link, diet related portion, and activity/exercise. Treatment: Type 1- give insulin. Given by shots. Check blood sugar 4 times a day and takes 4 shots a day. Told what they can and cant do activity wise. Type 2- start with diet and exercise. Oral hypoglycemic. Add insulin. Type 3- same as type 2.
Stages: 1. Prediabetic stage- genetic link, overweight. 2. Chemical diabetes- have a normal fasting blood sugar, but abnormal post prandial level. 3. Overt diabetes- fasting blood sugar of 120-200. Polyuria (producing way too much urine, nocturia too), polydipsia (extreme thrist), and polyphagia (extreme hunger).
Complications: Hypoglycemia (too little blood sugar, below 80)- taken too much insulin or exercise too much without eating enough. Headaches, seeing spots, shaky, mood swings, feel like they are floating. Should give them something to eat. Hyperglycemia (blood pressure over 200)- taken too little insulin or gone under a lot of stress. Coordination is off, slurred speech, asitone breath (smells like they were drinking alcohol.
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32
DIFFUSION
Spreading of particles.
33
DIGESTION
The process of breaking down food mechalically or enzymatically in the stomach and intestines.
34
DUODENAL CELLS
Brunner's glands in the duodenum secrete alkaline mucus.
35
DUODENAL ULCERS
4 times more common than gastric ulcer. 10-12% of people. Peak. Age is 25-50. About twice as common in men. White collar ulcer (stress). Origins- High HCl level. History of COPD, pancreatitis, cirrhosis. Drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine. Type O blood. High stress levels. Pathology- 90% in the duodenal bulb. Only 10% will not respond to treatment. Change coping mechanisms. Change diet. Medication too. Common hemorrhage in small intestine. Perforation only in spots. Common obstruction. Almost never cancerous. Pain causes them to eat for relief. Well nourished/over nourished. More in fall and spring. Night pain.
36
EMPHYSEMA
(pink puffers): alteration of lung wall, abnormal enlargement of alveoli ducts, and loss of elasticity. CO2 is high and cant be dropped. Residual volume goes up, EFR is decreased, and vital capacity goes down. Number one cause is smoking. Look undernourished, look triple the age they really are, difficulty of breath, short breaths, barreled chest. Starts in 30s and usually dies by 40s. No real treatment.
37
ENDOCRINE CELLS
secrete regulatory hormones.
38
EPIGLOTTIS
elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.
39
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE
simple columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells. Mucus secretions protect digestive organs from digesting themselves and ease food along the tract. Somach and small intestine mucosa contain enzyme secreting cells and hormone secreting cells (making them endocrine and digestive organs).
40
ERYTHEMA
Redness from excess blood flow.
41
ESOPHAGUS FUNCTIONS
muscular tube going from the laryngopharynx to the stomach. Travels through the mediastinum and pierces the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus. Joins the stomach at the cardiac orifice or cardiac sphincter. Esophageal mucosa- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The empty esophagus is folded longitudinally and flattens when food is present. Glands secrete mucus as a bolus moves through the esophagus. Muscularis changes from skeletal (superiorly) to smooth muscle (inferiorly).
42
EXCHANGE OF GASES
Respiratory zone
43
EXHALATION
Breathing out.
44
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
air that can be evacuated from the lungs after tidal expiration (1000-1200 ml)
45
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.
46
FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPIRATORY RATE
?
47
FILTRATION
Pressure gradient
48
FOUR BASIC LAYERS OF DIG. SYSTEM
Mucosa, Muscularis mucosae, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa
49
GALLBLADDER
a thin sac located on the right side of the liver. Not a very big organ and you can live fine without it.
50
GASTRIC ULCERS
over the age of 50. More common in men. Origins- disruptions of. Mucosa barrier. Normal to low HCl. Gastritis. Drugs, alcohol, tobacco. Blue collar ulcer. Pathology- 90% found on the lesser curvature. 90% will not respond to treatment because of low HCl. Less common to hemorrhage. More common to perforate (holes punched in). Obstruction is rare. 7% will develop cancer. Clinical features- pain, food, relief or food, pain. Anorexia.
51
GLOTTIS
The part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the slit like opening between them.
52
GLYCOGEN
A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store or carbs.
53
GOBLET CELLS
produce mucus that is very alkaline.
54
GRANULAR CELLS
have t-cells in them, protect the small intestine from the abnormal flora (bacteria).
55
HEMOPTYSIS
coughing up blood.
56
HENRY’S LAW
you have a certain amount of gas, and when you dissolve it in a liquid, you should still have the same percentage.
57
HEPATITIS A
Infectious hepatitis. Shorter incubation time. Does not test positive in the blood stream. Spread by anal/oral route, improper hand washing, contaminated water, and some IVs. Signs and Symptoms- patient feels like they have the flu, weak, resembles the stomach flu, abdominal pain, enlarged liver, large amount of stool, joint pain, jaundice. Its got to run its course, 3 weeks to 3 months. Very contagious.
58
HEPATITIS B
Serum hepatitis. Tests positive. Spread the same way as AIDS. Symptoms are four times worse than type A. 8 out of 10 will die. There is a vaccine for it.
59
HYPERVENTILATION
Rapid deep breathing. Over breathing!
60
HYPOVENTILATION
Shallow, slow breathing. Not breathing enough. Bradypnea- slow breathing. Hypopnea- shallow breathing.
61
HYPOXIA
Decrease oxygen to the tissue
62
INGESTION
The take in of food and digestion and absorption
63
INHALATION
Inhaling
64
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY
total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration (IRV+TV)
65
INSULIN
Regulates the amount of glucose in the blood.
66
INTERNAL RESPIRATIONS
diffusion of gases between capillaries and tissues. Gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues.
67
INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE
pressure within alveoli. always eventually equalizes itself with atmospheric pressure.
68
INTRINSIC FACTOR
to absorb Vitamin B12.
69
ISLETS OF LANGERSHANS
secrete hormones into the blood stream to a target tissue./ Half a million to a million.
70
LAMINA PROPRIA
loose areolar and reticlar connective tissue. Nourishes the epithelium and absorbs nutrients. Contains lymph nodes (part of MALT) important in defense against bacteria.
71
LARGE INTESTINE FUNCTIONS
a way to get rid of waste products (feces). Moves undigested material. Contains normal flora. Some water reabsorption.
72
LARYNX
Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx superiorly. Continuous with the trachea posteriorly. Three functions. To provide a patent airway. To act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels. Voice production.
73
LOBES OF LUNGS
G. left lung divisions- separated into upper and lower lobes by the oblique fissure.. Has 2 lobes and 9 segments
H. right lung divisions- separated into three lobes by the oblique and horizontal fissures. Has 3 lobes and 10 segments.
74
MAKE UP OF SALIVA
97-99.5% water, hypo osmotic, slightly acidic solution containing electrolytes, digestive enzyme, proteins- mucin, lysozyme, defensins, and IgA; and metabolic wastes-urea and uric acid.
75
MASTICATION
Chewing
76
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
Mastication and mixing
77
MUCOSA LAYER
moist epithelial layer that lines the lumen of the alimentary canal. Three major functions- secretion of mucus, absorption of end products of digestion, and protection against infectious disease. Consists of three layers- a lining epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.
78
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATIONS
Intercostal muscles
79
MUSCULARIS LAYER
mucosae: smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of mucosa.
externa: responsible for segmentation and peristalsis.
80
NOSE
II. Nose: the only externally visible part of the respiratory system.
A. Functions
1. Provides an airway for respiration
2. Moistening. And warming the entering air
3. Filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matter
4. Serving as a resonating chamber for speech
5. Housing the olfactory receptors.
81
OSMOSIS
Diffusion of water
82
PANCREAS
2. Exocrine cells/ Acini: grape shaped cells. Secretes through ducts, pancreatic juices (water and enzymes) break down and absorb carbs, proteins, and lipids. Need the for everything you eat.
3. Endocrine Cells/ Islets of Langerhans: secrete hormones into the blood stream to a target tissue./ Half a million to a million.
83
PARIETAL PLUERA
covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm. Continues around heart and between lungs
84
PEPSIN
Breaks down proteins
85
PERIODONTAL
anchors the tooth in the alveolus of the jaw. Forms the fibrous joint called a gomaphosis.
86
PERISTALSIS
waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ.
87
PERMANENT TEETH
incisors- chisel shaped teeth for cutting or nipping. Canines- fang like teeth that tear or pierce. Premolars (bicuspids) and molars- have broad crowns with rounded tips; best suited for grinding or crushing. During chewing the upper and lower molars lock together generating crushing force.
88
PHARYNX
Funnel shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the; nasal cavity and mouth superiorly, larynx and esophagus inferiorly. Extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. Passage way for food and air.
89
PLEURAE
thin, double layered serosa
90
PORTA
Where everything enters and leaves.
91
PRIMARY TEETH
20 deciduous teeth that erupt at intervals between 6 and 24 months.
92
RESERVE CAPACITY
A. tidal volume: air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath (approximately 500 ml).
B. inspiratory reserve volume: air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3200 ml)
C. expiratory reserve volume: air that can be evacuated from the lungs after tidal expiration (1000-1200 ml)
D. residual volume: air left in the lungs after strenuous expiration (1200 ml)
E. inspiratory capacity: total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration (IRV+TV)
F. functional residual capacity: amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration (RV+ERV)
G. vital capacity: the total amount of exchangeable air (TV-IRV-ERV)
H. total lung capacity: sum of all lung volumes (approximately 6000 ml in males).
93
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
Beginning of respiratory zone
94
RESPIRATORY ZONE
begins at the end of conducting zone. Gas exchange. Respiratory bronchioles-alveolar ducts-alveoli sacs-alveoli.
95
SALIVA
secreted from serous and mucous cells of salivary glands. 97-99.5% water, hypo osmotic, slightly acidic solution containing electrolytes, digestive enzyme, proteins- mucin, lysozyme, defensins, and IgA; and metabolic wastes-urea and uric acid. Intrinsic glands keep mouth moist. Extrinsic salivary glands secrete serous, enzyme rich saliva in response to ingested food which stimulates chemoreceptors and pressoreceptors and thought of food. Strong sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivation and results in dry mouth.
96
SALIVARY AMAYLASE
begins chemical breakdown of starch. The pharynx and esophagus serve as conduits to pass food from the mouth to the stomach.
97
SECRETION
aids in the breaking down of foods.
98
SEGMENTAL/TERTIARY BRONCHUS
9-10
99
SEROSA LAYER
holds in place
100
SMALL INTESTINE
Absorption.
101
SMALL INTESTINE FUNCTIONS
Absorption
102
SOB
Shortness of breath
103
SOMATOSTATIN
Targets the anterior pituitary gland. Inhibits the release of insulin, growth hormone, and glycogen. Secreted by delta cells.
104
STIMULUS FOR RESPIRATIONS
Carbon dioxide
105
STOMACH FUNCTIONS
Breakdown of food
106
STRESS ULCERS
Incidence- No sex difference. Related to severe physical or mental stress. Head injuries, major trauma, main cause. Ischemia (lack of oxygen) of mucosa. Acute gastritis. Drug induced, alcohol or aspirin. Pathology- multiple sites in the stomach. No cure. Almost all will hemorrhage to death. Common perforation. No. Obstruction. No chance of cancer. Asymptomatic (no symptoms so no telling its there).
107
SUBMUCOSA LAYER
dense connective tissue containing elastic fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves.
108
SUGAR
Glucose?
109
SURFACTANT
decreases surface tension of lungs. Secreted by type II cells.
110
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
feed into respiratory bronchioles
111
THYROID CARTILAGE
A large cartilage of the larynx, a projection of which forms the Adam's apple
112
TIDAL VOLUME
air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath (approximately 500 ml)
113
TONGUE
occupies the floor of the mouth and fills the oral cavity when mouth is closed. Gripping and repositioning food during chewing. Mixing food with saliva and forming the bolus. Initiation of swallowing, and speech. Taste buds. Supposedly cleansing teeth. Intrinsic muscles change the shape of the tongue. Extrinsic muscles alter the tongue's position. Lingual frenulum secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Sulcus terminalis- groove that separates the tongue into two areas- anterior 2/3 residing in the oral cavity, posterior third residing in the oropharynx.
114
TOOTH STRUCTURE
a. structure: Two main regions- crown and the root. Crown- exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva. Enamel- acellular, brittle material composed of calcium salts and hydroxyapatite crystals; the hardest substance in the body. Encapsulates the crown of the tooth. Root- portion of the tooth embedded in the jawbone. Neck- constriction where the crown and root come together. Cementum- calcified connective tissue. Covers the root. Attaches it to the periodontal ligament.
1. crown
2. enamel
3. root
4. neck
5. cementum
6. periodontal ligament: anchors the tooth in the alveolus of the jaw. Forms the fibrous joint called a gomaphosis.
7. gingival sulcus: depression where the gingiva borders the tooth.
8. dentin: bonelike material deep to the enamel cap that forms the bulk of the tooth.
9. pulp cavity: cavity surrounded by dentin that contains pulp
10. pulp: connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. The meat of the tooth.
11. root canal: portion of the pulp cavity that extends into the root.
12. apical foramen: proximal opening to the root canal.
13. odontoblasts: secrete and maintain the dentin throughout life.
115
TRACHEA
lies right in front of the esophagus. Flexible and mobile tube extending from the larynx into the mediastinum. Three layers. Mucosa- made of the goblet cells and ciliated epithelium. Submucosa- connective tissue deep to the mucosa. Adventitia- outermost layer made of c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.
116
TRACING PUL. CIRCULATION
Look at word bank
117
VESTIBULE
bound by the lips and cheeks externally, and teeth and gums internally.
118
VISCERAL PLUERA
2nd layer. Covers the external lung surface.
119
VITAL CAPACITY
the total amount of exchangeable air (TV-IRV-ERV)
120
VOCAL CORDS
The medial opening between them is the glottis. They vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs.
