4.B - mitigation strategies to combat global pandemics Flashcards
1
Q
how does RELIEF reduce disease risk?
A
- more run off = less standing water = less mosquito breeding ground = less malaria
- stop spread of disease through vectors such as mosquitos due to climate
- restrict movement of people between areas
2
Q
how does RELIEF increase disease risk?
A
- difficult to access communities to respond to the outbreak
- communication difficulties between agencies
3
Q
how do NATURAL HAZARDS reduce disease risk?
A
- big storm in Delhi clears pollution (pm 2.5)
- hurricanes remove vectors by washing them away
- can restrict movement of people
- can mobilise response movements quicker particularly from NGOs e.g BRC in Haiti
4
Q
how do NATURAL HAZARDS increase disease risk?
A
- contaminated water supply after earthquakes/tsunamis/hurricanes leading to stagnant water => water bourne diseases
- homes/hospitals destroyed so large numbers of people displaced into close proximity e.g. refugee camps = quicker spread of disease. increased neighbourhood effect
- injuries caused by natural disaster can lead to open wounds and a greater vulnerability to diseases
- infrastructure destroyed = lack of routes to move equipment
- hazards e.g. volcanic eruption could lead to danger for response teams
5
Q
how does EXCESS WATER reduce disease risk?
A
- if its clean, could eliminate diseases. used to clean/sanitise areas
- could reduce impacts of fires/volcanic eruptions
- access to medical support via medical ships
- evacuation route if air travel is not available
- ability to impose quarantine
6
Q
how does EXCESS WATER increase disease risk?
A
- stagnant water can lead to water borne diseases
- contaminated water supplies
- inaccessible to emergency relief efforts
- flooding could then damage buildings and lead to mass evacuation
- breeding ground for vectors such as mosquitos
- equipment could be destroyed
7
Q
how do REMOTE COMMUNITIES reduce disease risk?
A
- Restrict population movements
- reduce the risk of communicable disease due to lack of contact e.g. tribes in the Amazon were not in contact with western diseases
- natural quarantine of certain diseases e.g. Ebola in the 1980s was naturally contained amongst the Congo rainforest communities
8
Q
how do REMOTE COMMUNITIES improve disease risk?
A
- delay the arrival of medical supplies e.g. Gorka region of Nepal settlements a day+ walk away from medical support
- populations may not have natural resistance to diseases e.g. Nahua tribe, Peru, first contacted in 1980s was wiped out by disease brought by oil exploration workers
- lack of wider immunisation programs
- focus on subsistence farmers so more prone to zoonotic diseases transferred from their animals
- lack of immunity leads to rapid spread of the diseases in the area
- lack of education could lead to difficulty spreading mitigation information/sanitation issues
9
Q
how did the UK government tackle the COVID 19 outbreak?
A
- first confirmed COVID cases in January 2020
- the government incrementally introduced further restrictions on the public as the virus spread across the country
- Boris Johnson announced the 1st national lockdown on 23rd March 2020
- parliament introduced the Coronavirus Act 2020 which granted the government emergency powers and empowers the police to enforce public health measures.
- across the country, localised lockdowns, social distancing measures and self isolation laws for those exposed to the virus and riles on face masks were introduced, as well as efforts to expand testing and tracing
- the COVID-19 pandemic led to the largest fall in life expectancy in England since records began in 1981
10
Q
what DIRECT STRATEGIES did the UK government use totackle the COVID 19 outbreak?
A
- vaccination campaigns - rolling out vaccines, initially to high risk groups like the elderly/vulnerable
- testing and tracing - widespread testing at test centres then at home
- travel restrictions/quarantining for incoming travellers
11
Q
what INDIRECT STRATEGIES did the UK government use to tackle the COVID 19 outbreak?
A
- lockdowns - reduces contact between people. very effective
- remote learning/working from home
12
Q
what INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES did the UK government use to tackle the COVID 19 outbreak?
A
- coordinating efforts across borders
- sharing of resources and knowledge
- implementing global guidelines
13
Q
what NATIONAL STRATEGIES did the UK government use to tackle the COVID 19 outbreak?
A
- tailoring response to specific country’s situations
- adapts to cultural norms
- considers healthcare infrastructure/population factors
14
Q
are international or national strategies better?
A
- the use of international strategies allows for the cooperation of ideas/resources
- e.g. Oxford and other major universities played a key role in the research and development of vaccines
- international strategies allows countries to send vaccination and aid worldwide to LIDCs who need additional support with the COVID effort
- however, the use of national strategies can allow for a specific and targeted programme
- national aid efforts means that certain areas that need extra support can receive it
15
Q
what role did pharmaceutical TNCs play in tackling COVID-19 outbreak?
A
- HDR innovation gateway played a crucial role in research of vaccination for COVID19
- universities like Oxford played a key role in the development of vaccination programmes (Oxford BioMedica
- Pfizer generated a revenue of £100 billion in 2022
- responsible for ensuring that 9.3 billion doses of COVID vaccines were distributed globally
- they also made sure to use their large budgets and technologies to collaborate with the needs/demands of govts like the UK when it came to developing vaccines
- their main role was to provide funding and enable vaccine development
- companies such as Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Moderna
