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GEOGRAPHY - Disease Debates > 3.B - Case study of cancer in the UK > Flashcards

3.B - Case study of cancer in the UK Flashcards

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1
Q

Is there a pattern of life expectancy in the UK?

A
  • Higher life expectancy in south
  • women live longer
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2
Q

why is there a pattern of life expectancy in the UK?

A
  • places with higher deprivation and inequality have lower life expectancy
  1. diet - cheaper to eat UPF that is high in fat, salt and sugar
  2. exercise/lifestyle (especially in youth) (smoking)
  3. education - about exercise/eating etc
  4. healthcare - deprivation = demand/strain on services is greater
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3
Q

what stage of the ETM is the UK?

A
  • stage 4
  • AC
  • healthcare is good so CDs are pretty much gone
  • NCDs are more prevalent due to lifestyle etc. Lots of older people - diseases of aging pop are common
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4
Q

what are the causes of cancer?

A
  • genetic abnormalities
  • it develops very very slowly. takes time to occur/grow
  • starts from a single cell. mutations and multiplying
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5
Q

what is the main demographic affected by cancer?

A
  • there is a relationship between age and developing cancer
  • aged 50-59 = 1 in 20 risk of developing cancer
  • aged 80-89 = 1 in 3 risk of developing cancer
  • will see an increase in cancer rates as the global population ages
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6
Q

how is cancer treated?

A
  • chemo/radiotherapy = DIRECT STRATEGIES
  • kills all cells but normal cells grow back faster than tumour cells
  • expensive and invasive
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7
Q

what lifestyle factors influence increased cancer risk? (CAUSES OF CANCER IN UK)

A
  • increased risks of cancer are associated with obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol abuse
  • largely as a result of changing lifestyles, since the 1970s cancer rates in the cpUK have risen by 23% for men and 43% women
  • causes are often preventable
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8
Q

what impacts do sunbathing have?

A
  • sun beds indicate a cultural preference for a tanned look, despite the evident risks of skin cancer
  • opportunities for sunbathing have increased in the past 50 yrs, with growing wealth and the advent of affordable package holidays to destinations e.g. Mediterranean and florida
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9
Q

what is the impact of diet/alcohol consumption? (CAUSES OF CANCER IN UK)

A
  • wealth = changes in diet and preferences for meat and dairy products, fast food and prepacked ready meals
  • changes that are linked to an increase in bowel cancer
  • with higher incomes, alcohol consumption invariably increases, increasing the risk of oral, oesophageal and liver cancers.
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10
Q

what is the impact of exercise? (CAUSES OF CANCER IN UK)

A
  • lack of exercise and more sedentary lifestyles, together with changes in diet, have driven an epidemic of obesity in the UK and other ACs and increased risk of cancer and CVDs
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11
Q

what is the impact of smoking ? (CAUSES OF CANCER IN UK)

A
  • despite a decline in the popularity of smoking, it remains the biggest single cause of cancer among both men and women
  • nearly 1/5 of all cancer cases diagnosed each year are smoking related
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12
Q

what is cancer’s cost to the UK economy? (SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CANCER)

A
  • 2 mill people are living with cancer in the UK today, costing the UK economy £15 bill/yr due to early deaths, patients taking time off work, treatment on the NHS and the cost of unpaid care
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13
Q

what is cancer’s cost to the UK individual? (SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CANCER)

A
  • avg cost to patients £570/monthly
  • includes loss of income, cost of medical appts/prescriptions and extra heating costs
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14
Q

what are the social negatives to the UK individual? (SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CANCER)

A
  • cancer sufferers often experience social isolation,
    anxiety resulting from loss of income and further physical as well as mental health problems
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15
Q

what is the link between inequality and cancer? (SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CANCER)

A
  • deprivation increases the likelihood of smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity (all major causes of cancer)
  • in the UK, cancer rates in some of the poorest areas are 3x greater than most affluent
  • glasgow has the highest cancer rate of any UK health authority, and its no coincidence that in wider central scotland region over 1/2 the population lives in wards which are among 20% most deprived in UK.
  • the association between deprivation and cancer is also strongly enriched in former industrial areas.
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16
Q

what is the deprivation gap in survival rates? (SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CANCER)

A
  • survival rates are also affected by socio-economic status
  • for all types of cancer there is a deprivation gap, with the more affluent having better survival chances than most deprived
  • for example, 14.2% more women in the “most affluent group” survive bladder cancer compared w/ their most deprived counterparts
  • this difference is largely explained by pre-existing health status and speed of diagnosis
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17
Q

how is the UK government tackling cancer?

A
  • direct strategies
  • indirect strategies
  • the govts targets in its fight against cancer are to save 50,000 lives/yr, increase survival rates and decrease the gap in survival rates that exists
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18
Q

how do investments in medical technology help the UK govt tackle cancer? (DIRECT STRATEGIES)

A
  • such as more precise forms of radiotherapy and diagnostic methods e.g. endoscopy for early diagnosis and intervention
  • mass screening for breast, cervical and bowel cancer is already well established and has proved highly effective
  • however survival rates could be improved further by decreasing waiting times between diagnosis and treatment and giving more support to GPs in referrals to consultations
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19
Q

how does the role of cancer research help the UK govt tackle cancer? (DIRECT STRATEGIES)

A
  • cancer research focuses on improving understanfing of the disease, developing new treatments, discovering new drugs and exploiting the potential of genetic engineering
  • cancer UK is a charity that researched the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
  • funded by donations, legacies and charity events, it operates at hospitals and universities throughout the UK.
20
Q

how do education/health campaigns help the UK govt tackle cancer? (DIRECT STRATEGIES)

A
  • indirect approaches emphasise changes in lifestyle and cancer prevention.
  • education and health campaigns informing the public of the dangers of smoking, excessive drinking and unbalanced diets can decrease the incidence of preventable cancers.
21
Q

what have been the impacts of direct/indirect strategies on UK skin cancer rates?

A
  • skin cancer has increase significantly. year-on-year rise of 3%
  • the govt has intervened directly by legislating to control the commercial use of sunbeds, w/ age limits for users and standards of supervision/staff training. direct clinical treatment involves surgery to remove malignant melanomas and chemotherapy
  • publicity campaigns warn of the dangers of sunbathing and advice on sunscreens.
  • skin cancer is a preventable disease which can be controlled by modifications of behaviour and attitudes.
22
Q

why do people live less long in Glasgow?

A
  • importance of neighbourhood (where social and economic life comes together)
  • job you do = unskilled labour = lower LE. poor environment wears you down and culturally poor diet/smoking etc more likely
  • poor neighbourhoods are cheap to live in. if people are successful, they leave to nicer areas rather than making that area nicer. people struggling move in = cycle of deprivation. positive feedback loop.
23
Q

can we ‘cure’ cancer?

A
  • education is probably best way to limit risk
  • an element of inevitability (to an extent)
  • difficult to cure but we can focus on delaying rather than curing.
24
Q

what lifestyle factors influence increased risk?

A
  • increased risk of cancer are associated w/ obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol abuse
  • largely as a result of changing lifestyles. since the 1970s cancer rates in the UK have risen by 23% for men and 43% for women
  • often preventable!
25
Q

what impact can sunbathing have?

A
  • sunbeds indicate a cultural preference for a “tanned look”, despite the evident risks of skin cancer
  • opportunities for sunbathing have increased in the past 50 yrs, with growing wealth and the advent of affordable package holidays to destinations e.g. Med and Florida
26
Q

what impact does diet/alcohol consumption have?

A
  • wealth = change in diet and preference for meat and dairy products, fast food and pre-packed ready meals - changes that are linked to an increase in bowel cancer
  • with higher incomes, alcohol consumption invariably increases, increasing the risk of oral oesophageal and liver cancer
27
Q

what impact does exercise have?

A
  • lack of exercise and more sedentary lifestyles, together with changes in diet, have driven an epidemic of obesity in the UK and other ACs and increase risk of cancer and CVDs.
28
Q

what impact does smoking have?

A
  • despite a decrease in the popularity of smoking, it remains the biggest single cause of cancer among both men and women
  • nearly 1/5 of all cases of cancer diagnosed each yr are smoking related
29
Q

what cost to the economy does cancer have?

A
  • 2 million people are living w/ cancer in the UK today, costing the UK economy $15 bill/yr due to early deaths, patients taking time off work, treatment on the NHS and the cost of unpaid care
30
Q

what cost to individuals does cancer have?

A
  • avg cost to patients £570/month
  • includes loss of income, cost of medical appts/prescriptions and extra heating costs
31
Q

what social negatives for individuals does cancer have?

A
  • cancer sufferers often experience social isolation, anxiety resulting from loss of income and further physical as well as mental health problems
  • increased deprivation
32
Q

what is the link between inequality and cancer?

A
  • deprivation increases the likelihood of smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity (all major causes of cancer)
  • in the UK cancer rates in some of the poorest areas are 3x greater than most affluent
  • glasgow has highest cancer rate of any UK health authority and its no coincidence that in wider central Scotland region over 1/2 the population lives in wards which are among 20% most deprived in UK
  • the association between deprivation and cancer is also strongly enriched in former industrial areas
33
Q

is there a deprivation gap in survival rates?

A
  • survival rates are also affected by socio-economic status
  • for all types of cancer there is a deprivation gap, w/ the more affluent having better survival chances than most deprived
  • for example 14.2% more women in the “most affluent group” survive bladder cancer compared w/ their most deprived counterparts
  • the difference is largely explained by pre-existing health status and speed of diagnosis
34
Q

how many lives are saved in the govts fight against cancer?

A
  • the govt’s targets in its fight against cancer are to save 5000 lives/yr, increase survival rates and decrease the gap in survival rates that exists
35
Q

how does INVESTMENT IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY help tackle cancer?

A
  • such as more precise forms of radiotherapy and diagnostic methods e.g. endoscopy for early diagnosis and intervention
  • mass screening for breast, cervical and bowel cancer is already well established and has proved highly effective
  • however survival rates could be improed further by decreased waiting times between diagnosis and treatment, and by giving more support to GPS in referrals to consultants
36
Q

how does the ROLE OF CANCER RESEARCH help tackle cancer?

A
  • cancer research focuses on improving understanding of the disease, developing new treatments, discovering new drugs and exploiting the potential of geneti engineering
  • cancer UK is a charity that researches the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer
  • funded by donations, legacies and charity events, it operates at hospitals and universities throughout the UK
37
Q

what is the survival rate of cancer?

A

roughly 50%

38
Q

AO2 comments - direct strategies

A
  • roughly 50% survival rates
  • direct actually treats cancer
  • requires more investment and research to improve
  • expensive
  • easy to prove makes a big difference
39
Q

AO2 comments - indirect strategies

A
  • easier to implement
  • education, changing lifestyle, better diet
  • can tackle CAUSE. 4 in 10 cases preventable.
  • relatively cheap
  • better for younger people
  • harder to prove how this translates to cancer rates. harder to quantify
40
Q

how do education/health campaigns help the UK govt tackle cancer?

A
  • indirect approaches emphasise changes in lifestyle and cancer prevention
  • education and health campaigns informing the public of the dangers of smoking, excessive drinking an unbalanced diets can decrease the incidence of preventable cancers
41
Q

what impacts have direct/indirect strategies had on skin cancer rates?

A
  • skin cancer has increased significantly
  • year on year rise of 3%
  • the govt has intervened directly by legislating to control the commercial use of sunbeds, w/ age limits for users and standards of supervision/staff training.
  • directs clinical treatment involves surgery to remove malignant melanomas and chemo
  • publicity campaigns warn of the dangers of sunbathing and advice on sunscreens
  • skin cancer is a preventable disease which can be controlled by modifications of behaviour and attitudes
42
Q

what indirect strategies have been used to reduce smoking?

A
  • tax cigarettes
  • grim pictures
  • bans in public transport/pubs
  • bans in cars with children
  • sold behind counter
  • banned advertising
  • increasing minimum age to buy
43
Q

indirect strategies have been used to reduce smoking - AO2 comments

A
  • ultimately trying to make smoking MORE DIFFICULT
  • tax on poor people = criticism
44
Q

what has a decrease in smoking rates done to decrease lung cancer rates?

A
  • lung cancer rates decrease in men in parallel to a decrease in smoking rates
  • 2/3 smoked in 1950s -> 20% in 2010
  • lung cancer rates halved
  • nature of professions
    changing also plays a role
45
Q

what does cancer cost the NHS and society annually?

A
  • annual NHS costs for cancer services are £5 billions
  • but the cost to society as a whole - including loss of productivity
  • is £18.3 billion
46
Q

how is the bowel scope screening programme being extended by the government? (direct strategies)

A
  • spending £60 million on testing the bowel scope screening programme
    -which uses a camera to look for signs of cancer inside people’s bowels
  • and expanding it across the country by 2016 to save 3000 lives a year
47
Q

how is the government improving radiotherapy to treat cancer? (direct strategies)

A
  • investing £250 million to develop proton beam therapy, which delivers a more precise dose to a targeted area rather than making people unwell overall
  • making up to £6 million available over the next 5 years to fund the NHS treatment costs of 6 new Cancer research UK clinical trials for SABR (stereotactic ablative radiotherapy)
  • UK has wealth = can afford to invest

GEOGRAPHY - Disease Debates (12 decks)

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