4.A - increasing global mobility impacts the diffusion of disease at a variety of scales Flashcards
what is global mobility?
- flows of people
- flows of money/technology/ideas/trade
what are the ways global mobility has sped up the diffusion of disease?
- internal migration
- trade
- migration/travel (flow of people)
- doctors/educated professionals move away from LIDCS where CD problems are
- money/ideas = increased access to western lifestyles = smoking , sugary/fatty foods, office jobs
- globalisation = influence of TNCs = chain companies. TNCs set up factories. outsource to EDCS = ⬆️ pollution = ⬆️ NCDS
how has internal migration as a part of global migration sped up the diffusion of disease?
- can spread w/in countries
- e.g. Ethiopia- for harvest season
how has technology as a part of global migration sped up the diffusion of disease?
- technology/air travel allows bigger distances to be travelled. barriers to disease like oceans have less impact
- advanced countries and urban areas are more susceptible to
how has globalisation as a part of global migration sped up the diffusion of disease?
- globalisation = influence of TNCs = more chain companies
- TNCs will set up factories and outsource to EDCs to save money = ⬆️pollution in those countries
- flow of trade/ideas = ⬆️NCDs
how has global migration helped respond to diseases?
- flow of ideas = global advertising e.g. WHO campaigns
- aid ⬆️ accessible. can fly resources out after an outbreak e.g. Haiti/Ethiopia.
- flows of money/people/ideas e.g. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation/Global Fund
- money e.g. for development of vaccines/prevention methods
- technology = signs to stay at home etc. allows education to happen INSTANTLY
how does the society we live in have an impact on disease diffusion?
- we live in a society that is increasingly globalised - we are more interconnected through the movement of people, trade, money and ideas
- this has significant impacts on the rate of disease diffusion as Hagerstand’s traditional model of diffusion, which suggests your likelihood of contracting a disease was proportional to your distance to the outbreak, is no longer valid
- we know that relocation diffusion and network diffusion are both ways in which increased global mobility can diffuse disease across great distances in relatively short periods of time.
how can our increasing global mobility create problems?
- our increasing global mobility can create problems, as diseases which break out in one part of the world, which historically would have remained there, are now diffused globally
- this has been happening since the plague was carried on the silk road from China, to the spanish flu pandemic to the more recent Ebola pandemic
how can our increasing global mobility create problems - EVIDENCE?
this has been happening since the plague was carried on the silk road from China, to the spanish flu pandemic to the more recent Ebola pandemic
- can be evidenced in Haiti with the outbreak of Cholera due to Nepalese peacekeepers ‘importing’ the disease from Nepal, where cholera is endemic,
- more regionally, the migration occurring within Ethiopia as farmers move seasonally for harvests and from areas of high to low malaria risk can also spread the disease
- clearly, global mobility can cause many issues and pose challenges to combating infectious diseases as a more global strategy is needed when these outbreaks occur.
how can globalisation help when disease outbreaks occur?
- globalisation is also tied to the concept of sharing of knowledge and ideas, which means that solutions can be spread as quickly as problems arise
- a vaccination can be shared globally immediately and responses can be coordinated on a global scale like never before (as long as countries have the political/economic capacity to engage in these solutions)
- diseases like H1N1 were massively controlled this way, and SARS was responded to more effective as a result of this
does living in an increasingly interconnected world make it easier or harder to deal with infectious diseases?
EASIER:
- solutions and aid from more developed countries can spread to those less developed countries
- does make diseases easier to spread through air travel etc but most ACs/city hubs where the travel is have more resources to tackle the problems
HARDER
- air travel
⭐️incidence rates are undoubtedly higher but mortality is lower⭐️
what role does WHO have in providing strategies to combat disease?
- founded in 1948, UN’s health agency
- works WORLDWIDE to promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable
- ensure a billion more people have universal health coverage, to protect a billion more from health emergencies
- COVAX - no one is safe until everyone is safe. aimed to accelerate the development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccines and to guarantee fair and equitable access for every country in the world
- have to work WITH member nations. they have no right/sovereignty to force people/goats to take advice. limits effectiveness
what is the WHO?
directing and coordinating authority on international health w/in UN system
what are 6 briefs that the WHO has?
- gathering health data
- providing leadership and identifying priority areas in matters critical to health
- researching health problems
- monitoring the international health situation
- supporting UN member states to devise health strategies
- providing technical support during health crises
how does the WHO help research health issues?
- among its many research groups are those dedicated to influenza, tropical diseases, a mental health and vaccines
- research projects are often partnerships with other international agencies
- currently collaborating with multi-agency Stop TB, which aims to eradicate TB by 2050
what awareness campaigns have the WHO helped with/developed?
- Zika virus in 2016, and develops global strategies to combat diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis
- sets targets to improve prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care
- promoting research into new drugs and insecticides is also important
examples of how the WHO supports governments
- 2015 Nepal EQ disaster, WHO delivered emergency health services in form of mobile medical units and supported foreign medical teams in areas worst hit
- Liberia, 2014-15, Ebola epidemic caused total collapse of country’s healthcare services = unable to cope w/ serious outbreak of measles. WHO, together with Unicef, stepped in and organised a country wide measles vaccination programme to control spread of disease.
what is the Global Fund?
- international NGO raising money and investing in partnerships with countries to tackle IDs
how have the Global Fund helped decline the HIV burden?
- the number of HIV related deaths have been cut by nearly half, from 1.9 million at the peak to 1 million in 2016
- the rapid increase in access to ARV therapy in countries supported by the Global Fund - from 3% coverage in 2005 to 52% in 2016 has been a tremendous contributor.
- Global Fund-supported programmes have provided 4.2 million HIV-positive mothers with treatment to prevent transmission of HIV to their babies
what type of disease does the WHO focus on and why?
- infectious diseases
- they are mainly in LIDCs where there are limited resources for govts to tackle the problems themselves
do the WHO have their priorities correct in focusing on CDs?
- a lot more people are affected by NCDs but that is in ACs where there is already leading technological advances because of the amount of money/resources available
what did the WHO achieve in 1988 with polio?
- 1988, the Global Polio eradication Initiative is established when polio paralysed more than 350,000 people a year
- since then polio cases have decreased by more than 99% because of immunisation against the disease worldwide
what did the WHO achieve in 1979 with smallpox?
- following an ambitious 12year global vaccination campaign led by WHO, small pox is eradicated
- only globally eradicated disease
what did the WHO achieve in 2016 with ebola?
- 2016, WHO announces zero cases of ebola in west africa, but warns that flare ups dope the disease are likely to continue and that countries in the region need to remain vigilant and prepared
- coordinated, educated and advised = ebola was contained. stopped it from becoming a pandemic
why is a supra-governmental agency (e.g. WHO) working globally imports r for managing diseases in our society?
- spreads education and awareness
- connects governments of differing development levels so aid can be delivered more easily
- in a world where CDs spread so easily, someone has to keep an eye on them on a global scale
do you think tackling disease at a global scale (rather than nationally or locally) is most effective? why?
- global is in theory best, but difficult to do
- helps eradicating the disease/prevent it from spreading to new places rather than just mitigating against it.
- if you only tackle something nationally people will always bring it back in
- locally/nationally has more of a focus e.g. on LIDCS. important to have different strategies in different places
- sometimes global approach doesn’t work because of cultural differences
will the WHO always be needed?
- in future, less focus on CDs once more countries have developed
- more focus on cancer research etc.
- OR more focus on CDs that emerge with climate change and ⬆️ natural disaster risk
what did the WHO do to tackle covid?
- COVAX
- distribution of vaccines to LIDCs and stop ACs over ordering
