4B - Anatomy / Histo of Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the two respiratory muscles of inspiration?

Answer 1

Diaphragm

External intercostals

Question 2

What are the two respiratory muscles of expiration?

Answer 2

Internal intercostals

Abdominal muscles

Question 3

What two things do the external intercostals do when they contract?

Answer 3

1. Elevate the ribs superolaterally (bucket handle)

2. Move the sternum anteriorly (pump handle)

Question 4

Does the diaphragm increase volume during contraction or relaxation?

Answer 4

Contraction

When the dome-shaped diaphragm contracts, it is pulled inferiorly into the abdomen and subsequently “flattens out”. This increases the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity.

Question 5

Describe inhalation

• Active or passive process
• Muscles or recoil
• Forced or autonomic process

Answer 5

Active process

Muscles - inspiratory

Autonomic via the phrenic nerve

Question 6

Describe exhalation

• Active or passive process
• Muscles or recoil
• Forced or autonomic process

Answer 6

Passive process (quiet)

Recoil - elastic recoil

Forced - active process

Question 7

Internal intercostal contraction

• Raise or depress the ribcage?
• Increase or decrease thoracic volume

Answer 7

Depress the ribcage

Decrease thoracic volume

(A muscle used during exhalation)

Question 8

What are the upper respiratory structures?

Answer 8

Nose, pharynx, and larynx

Question 9

What are the lower respiratory structures?

Answer 9

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar ducts and sacs

Question 10

What are the two “zones” of the pulmonary tract?

Answer 10

Conduction zone and respiratory zone

Question 11

What occurs during the conduction zone?

Answer 11

Moves air, warms air, moistens air, filters air, and airway resistance

Question 12

What structures comprise the conduction zone?

Answer 12

Trachea, bronchi, and non-respiratory bronchioles

Question 13

What structures comprise the respiratory zone?

Answer 13

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

Question 14

What occurs in the respiratory zone?

Answer 14

Gas exchange

Question 15

4b13. Which areas of the pulmonary tract are the greatest sites of airway resistance?

Answer 15

Bronchi and bronchioles

Question 16

4b13. How are bronchi and bronchioles regulated?

- (What triggers dilation and constriction?)

Answer 16

Bronchodilation - Sympathetic neurons via B-2 receptors

Bronchoconstriction - Parasympathetic neurons via muscarinic receptors

Question 17

4b14. Where does the overwhelming majority of gas exchange occur?

Answer 17

Alveoli

Question 18

4b14. What are alveoli richly surrounded by?

Answer 18

Pulmonary capillaries

Question 19

4b15. What cell type comprises the respiratory epithelium (mucosa)?
- What cell makes mucous?

Answer 19

Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells to make mucous)

Question 20

4b17. What receptors reside in the nasal cavities?

Answer 20

Olfactory receptors

Question 21

4b17. What are the four paranasal sinuses?

Answer 21

Frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal

Question 22

Why do sinus infections (sinusitis) often develop from colds in which nasal mucosa is inflamed?

Answer 22

Because the mucosa that lines the sinuses is continuous with the mucosa that lines the nose.

Question 23

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Answer 23

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Question 24

What are notable structures within the pharynx?

Answer 24

1. Nasal conchae (in the nose)
2. Eustachian (auditory) tube
3. Hard/soft palate
4. Uvula
5. Tonsils (pharyngeal [adenoid], palatine, and lingual)

Question 25

What three tonsils lie in the pharynx?

Answer 25

Pharyngeal (andenoid), palatine, and lingual

Question 26

What cartilages comprise the larynx?

9 total (3 non-paired and 6 paired)

Answer 26

1. Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
2. Cricoid cartilage
3. Epiglottis
   4 & 5. Arytenoid cartilage
   6 & 7. Corniculate cartilage
   8 & 9. Cuneiform cartilage

Question 27

Where are the vocal cords located?

Answer 27

Within the larynx

Question 28

Which of the larynx cartilages are important in regards to the vocal cords?
- Why are they important?

Answer 28

Arytenoid cartilages

Influence the position and tension of the vocal cords

Question 29

4b23. What are the names of the rings that comprise the trachea?
- Are they flexible or rigid?

Answer 29

Tracheal rings

• rigid cartilaginous rings
• Some smooth muscle, but no diameter change

Question 30

4b24. What is the progression of the structures of the pulmonary tract from the bronchi down to the alveoli?

Answer 30

1. Primary bronchi
2. Secondary bronchi
3. Tertiary bronchi
4. Brochioles
5. Alveolar ducts
6. Alveolar sacs
7. Alveoli

Question 31

4b27. What are the three “layers” of the lung pleurae (membrane)?

Answer 31

Visceral pleura (innermost)
Pleural fluid (in the interpleural space)
Parietal pleura (outermost)

Question 32

4b27. What is pneumothorax?

Answer 32

Presence of air in the interpleural space on one side of the chest which leads to collapse.

Question 33

4b27. What is the purpose of the pleura fluid?

- In what space is it found?

Answer 33

To make both pleural portions (visceral and parietal) moist and slippery and able to glide easily against each other as the lungs expand and deflate with each breath.

Question 34

4b28. Which cells in the lung make surfectant?

Answer 34

Type II alveolar cells (type II pneumocyte)

Question 35

4b29. What cells in alveoli constitute 90% of alveolar surface area?

Answer 35

Type I alveolar cell (Type 1 pneumocyte)

Question 36

4b29. What do alveolar macrophages (dust cells) do?

Answer 36

Clean off particles such as dust or microorganisms

Frequently contain granules of exogenous material such as particulate carbon that they have picked up from respiratory surfaces (particularly in smokers0