4.a - mali

Question 1

background info

Answer 1

• pre 2012
  French colonisation
  French Sudan
• 1960
  independance - Tuareg wanted own state - rebelled
• jan 2012
  rebellious group attacked gov.
  foreseen in the north - Tuareg proclaimed land as azawad
  gov. troops also not happy so rebelled too
• 2013
  Mali asked for foreign military - French - to help take some territory back
  MIUSMA set up - treaty helped settle some peace
• 2015
  cease fire agreements were made but attacks still occurred
• 2017
  islamists stacked Bamako and rocket hit MINUSMA base

Question 2

opportunities - stability

Answer 2

• MINUSMA - mechanisms for social, political and economical stability by providing military force and strengthen police - decreases terroists - LT and large scale as reestablish sov. and control of north
• reinforcing international norms - increase human rights
• re-establishing sov. state control - LT stability and sig. to economic increase and levels of development.
• JULY 2013 - election gave people chance to vote - democracy
• NGOs helped people rebuild their lives
• Mali remains insecure as regular attack on UN forces
• S is more stable than N and more pop there

Question 2

opp. - growth and dev.

Answer 2

• development in countries in solar, hydro and biomass - wind resources - LT as introducing renewable energy - increase QOL and creates jobs
• UN mission - stability allows this - co operate with Mali gov. to provide aid and to secure stable sanitation - increase QOL and is ST
• GDP recovery - increased by 6-7% in 2014
• Econ. growth continued in both primary and tiertery sectors

Question 3

challenge - inequality

Answer 3

• socio - economic inequality between N/S remains
• N - different tribes - potential of ramrod conflict in future
• inequality between rural and urban - demonstrate problem of limited infrastructure snd service provsions - many villagers feel abandoned and disconnected from the state
• all provide potential for future conflict and gov. unable to sort this out
• ## deep rooted cultural and liquisitc divisions betwen Tuareg, Arab, songhai and other ethnci groups in N- international community mistakenly atempted to deal with the n as one area not all its poeple see Azawad as common territory

Question 3

challenge - injustice

Answer 3

• UN peacekeepers in Mali - deadliest place to go - 110 casualties and 69 deaths
• gov. inability to police - high levels of human trafficking, drug smuggling and corruption and continued violence
• abductions, killings, bombings and problems of landmines
• there are high rates of maternals and child mortitlity

Question 4

conc

Answer 4

LT growth but difficult to the large N/S divide

Question 5

mali gov.

Answer 5

Maligov formulated peace deal in 2015 with tuareg people providing some degree of autonomy in the North.
- included - recognation of local elected leaders, greater rep of northern pop. in national institutions, transferring greater prop. of state budget to local authrpties in north

Question 6

French gov.

Answer 6

• military
• initially sent 500 troops along with airforce
• mandate links to protecting 6000 French nationalists
• SUCCESSFUL in ending Tuareg insurgency and pushing back islamist extremists
• ST and small scale as old there to help and then leave once done

Question 7

UN

Answer 7

• MINUSMA
• aims to support the political process and stability of Mali
• 9000 military personnel and around 1000 police were sent
• operate in main pop, centres
• LT as set up for future and improving country but ST in giving military

Question 8

NGOS

Answer 8

provide assistance to local authorities:
- population services international - reproductive health organisation
- care - food insecurity and poverty alleviation
- world education mali - adressing educational barriers to literacy
- solidarities international - water, hygiene, sanitation and food security in northern areas