2.a

Question 1

separtism,contested, factional, transnational mov., conetsted maritime

political boundaries erode sov. and territorial integrity

Answer 1

• separatism :
  could start war
  secession by Basque and Catalan national groups in Spain and France
• contested territory :
  an area owned by a state that is contested by another state - e.g 2014 Russia’a annexation of Crimea
• Factional and sectarian tensions :
  middle East and North Africa where political and ethnical conflict challenges sov. and TI - start war between ethnic groups as both want power
• Transnational movement of terrorist ad extremist activity :
  across Turkey-Syria border - smuggling of forge in fighter, oil and weapons threatens TI and sov of control of both countries
• Contested Maritime boundaries :
  the area of sea surrounding given state is under their sov. rule
  e.g boundary dispute in Atlantic waters off Ivory Coast and Ghana where oil reserves exploded

Question 2

TNS erode sov and TI

Answer 2

-large corporate enterprises
- LIDCs reliant in them
- NEG as prevent gov control in the effect if state sov.
- many have lost their control of territory, work forces, environment and own political decisions
- own profit making invests - business desicions that disrespect human rights and exploitation of workforce
- harms the environment - extraction and exploitation of natural resources, toxic waste degradation of forests and land
EXAMPLE
Nigeria when shell came
- extraction points along Niger River where the agony people were situated - cause issue to environments and no preots went to them - causes riot
A02 - due to how enterprise is out of state and to take over LIDC and take power
- MOST sig
- driving force of global economic degradation

Question 3

political dominance

Answer 3

• a sov state including more than one ethnic group within a territory - e.g S Sudan contains 60
• not equal opp. to shape political process
• create conflict between culture - ao2 - leads to civil war and effects sov. state
• leads to stereotypes and imbalance of power
  decreases social cohesion and poor communication which increases conflict
  EXAMPLE
• 1944 - Tuareg people rebelled to gain independence of Azwad
  SIG
• depends on pop and geographical size and could threaten civil war of all states involved

Question 4

supranational institutions - EU

Answer 4

-represent a tier of governance above that of an individual state. E.G UN and its agencies including NATO at a regional scale and trading blocs like EU, ASEAN.
- within these memebr states retain theri sov. they are independant coutries, have equal rights and exercise control over and resonsibilty for their citizizens.

EU -
- trading bloc which is not only an economic union but also a political union with its own parliment.
- 28 sov. states but their integration bring challenegs and benefits to their individual power and autonomy
benefits :
- ability to address transnational issues e.g water pollution and international crime
- economic and trade advantages such as protection of industry bu comon tariff and access to a large european market
challenges:
- same states requird to implement EU laws and descions even if they dont vote for them - challneges sov. of state as EU has power over their laws
- they cannot pass laws in interest of own state
- 19 members of eurozone has financial restrictions- unable to set up their own. interest rates and forces to accept harsh austerity measure

other aspects which limit sov. power of individual states include enforced fishing quotas in common fisheries policy and compliance with EU regualtions.

Question 5

Supranational instituons - UN

Answer 5

193 sov. states in UN is a member of the general assembly. sov and TI and important norms which underpin the global political system.

despite affects of globalisation system of nation states is still the basic framework for international law - state which has responsibility for bounded territory and its citizens

Un has the backing system of sanction intervention - norms are increasingly applied by international community when a state fails to protect its citizens.

the primary responsibility to protect its citizens still lies with the individual state nut intervention should apply in instances of genoicide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing. the international community will intervene in a state without consent only when the state is allowing violation of HR to occur -