4.a. Global governance of human rights has consequences for citizens and places.

Question 1

Human rights are essential for achieving and sustaining development. Clear links between human rights and development are embodied in what?

Answer 1

The UN’s MDGs and SDGs in its 2030 Agenda.

Question 2

Sustainable development in any country depends on protecting what?

Answer 2

The rights of women and girls especially in education, health care, employment, and political participation.

Question 3

How does the global governance of human rights issues have consequences of citizens and places?

Answer 3

The desired effect of global governance of human rights is positive, long-term, sustainable social and economic development for all nations.

There will also be short-term effects (especially of military intervention) which are more varied.

Question 4

State 3 benefits of short-term intervention (global governance)

Answer 4

Provides shelter, e.g. Red Cross.

Provides medical assistance and provision of medicines, e.g. Médecins Sans Frontières.

Provides protection, e.g. through the military.

Provides clean water, e.g. water aid.

Question 5

State 3 negatives of short-term intervention (global governance)

Answer 5

Provides increased education and knowledge of human rights, e.g. through NGOs.

Military intervention can create a loss of infrastructure, which may disrupt education and increase civilian casualties.

Protection only works when soldiers are physically present in the area.

Shelter is only created for short-term use, but many end up living their permanently.

Shot-term intervention creates reliance, which is not sustainable.

Question 6

‘Improvements in health and life expectancy, including IMR and MMR through implementation of SDGs under the UNDP’ is a long term effect of global governance on human rights. Is this being addressed/ likely to change in the DRC?

Answer 6

The UN and civil society organisations: Are implementing the 17 SDGs within 2030 agenda for sustainable development.

However, rates remain very high-(IMR 68.2/1000 and MMR 473/100,00).

Greatest issue is in rural areas.

Question 7

‘Education quality and increased enrolment for Girls and Boys’ is a long term effect of global governance on human rights. Is this being addressed/ likely to change in the DRC?

Answer 7

The World Bank: Has a project to provide equal access to education for all school age children.

UNICEF: Work to promote importance of education and provide resources in schools.

However, there is still limited access to education throughout the country. With 2 of 15-24 year old women being illiterate.

Rural areas are most affected.

Question 8

‘Improved transport systems makes physical access to services easier’ is a long term effect of global governance on human rights. Is this being addressed/ likely to change in the DRC?

Answer 8

Remains a big issue especially in rural areas where there remains a lack of services and road access.

Question 9

‘Development of infrastructure’ is a long term effect of global governance on human rights. Is this being addressed/ likely to change in the DRC?

Answer 9

Remains an issue - especially in rural areas and Eastern border where conflict prohibits development.

Question 9

‘Freedom from abuse of women and children through the long-term work of NGOs in reinforcing accepted norms’ is a long term effect of global governance on human rights. Is this being addressed/ likely to change in the DRC?

Answer 9

CARE and ActionAid: Are trying to empower women by providing training and employment in agriculture and development of grassroots women’s organisations.

Remains a huge issue.

Women are still largely seen as low status with the role of raising children and working in the fields. They are subject to trafficking and forced labour and domestic violence.

Question 10

‘Internalisation of accepted societal norms’ is a long term effect of global governance on human rights. Is this being addressed/ likely to change in the DRC?

Answer 10

The World Bank: Are promoting behavioural change towards gender inequality; supporting victims of violence.

However, this still remains a huge issue.

Women are still largely seen as low status with the role of raising children and working in the fields.

They are subject to trafficking and forced labour and domestic violence.

Question 10

‘Democratic elections and government stability’ is a long term effect of global governance on human rights. Is this being addressed/ likely to change in the DRC?

Answer 10

Jan 2019 saw the election of new president and first peaceful transfer of power in history.

UN missions: Helping to improve political stability by preventing recurrence of major conflict and promoting unification of the country.

CARE: Help to strengthen local governance.

However, the government needs to ensure elections are democratic.

Question 10

‘Skills training and education programmes to ensure local agriculture is more sustainable’ is a long term effect of global governance on human rights. Is this being addressed/ likely to change in the DRC?

Answer 10

CARE and ActionAid: Are providing training and employment in agriculture. ActionAid also provide agricultural tools, seeds and training to promote self-sufficiency.

The World Bank: Supports micro, small and medium sized enterprises, increasing employment opportunities.

USAID: Is working to support small scale coffee farmers in the East of the DRC.

Question 11

‘Strengthening of the judicial system’ is a long term effect of global governance on human rights. Is this being addressed/ likely to change in the DRC?

Answer 11

The government needs to support an independent and effective judiciary.

Question 12

‘Strengthening the rule of law, ratification of treaties, and conventions by Governments’ is a long term effect of global governance on human rights. Is this being addressed/ likely to change in the DRC?

Answer 12

The UN and African Union: Have established peace and security and Human Rights treaties available for the government to sign and ratify. However, the government needs to strengthen rule of law.

Question 13

‘Employment opportunities and reduction in poverty’ is a long term effect of global governance on human rights. Is this being addressed/ likely to change in the DRC?

Answer 13

CARE and ActionAid: Are providing training and employment in agriculture.

The World Bank: Aims to fight poverty and improve standards of living through a variety of projects including supporting micro, small and medium sized enterprises, increasing employment opportunities.

However, 74% of the population still live in extreme poverty on >$1.90.

Many work in mines with dangerous working conditions and exploitation.

Question 14

‘Development of agricultural systems’ is a long term effect of global governance on human rights. Is this being addressed/ likely to change in the DRC?

Answer 14

ActionAid: Provide agricultural tools, seeds and training to promote self-sufficiency.

USAID: Is working to support small scale coffee farmers in the East of the DRC.

Question 15

Which long-term effect of global governance in DRC will have the most significant impact? Explain why.

Answer 15

Education equality and increased enrolment for girls and boys: Education provides the basis for most change. In the DRC, this would break corruption cycles in children, and allow village communities to have a greater understanding of their human rights.

Strengthening the rule of law. Ratification of treaties. Conventions by governments: By reinforcing laws, governments will be able to lock down on rebel groups’ human rights violations. This would result in a reduction of the destroying of schools and infrastructure. In turn, increasing available education and safety in local communities.

Question 16

What is the DRC?

(Case study: The impact of global governance of human rights in the DRC, and LIDC)

Answer 16

Large country in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Wealth of natural resources e.g. cobalt, gold, coltan, diamonds.

Question 17

What is the GDP of DRC like?

(Case study: The impact of global governance of human rights in the DRC, and LIDC)

Answer 17

GDP per capita is very low: US$785.

Question 18

What is the IMR of DRC like?

(Case study: The impact of global governance of human rights in the DRC, and LIDC)

Answer 18

IMR is very high: 31.9 deaths per 1000 live births - (UK = 3.4 deaths) -> indicates poor healthcare.

Question 19

What is the MMR of DRC like?

(Case study: The impact of global governance of human rights in the DRC, and LIDC)

Answer 19

MMR is very high: 846 deaths per 1000 live births - (UK = 10 deaths) -> lack of healthcare.

Question 20

What is the life expectancy in the DRC like?

(Case study: The impact of global governance of human rights in the DRC, and LIDC)

Answer 20

Life expectancy is very low - 59 males: 63 female. -> men mining natural resources and fighting in rebel groups.

Question 21

What are literacy rates like in DRC?

(Case study: The impact of global governance of human rights in the DRC, and LIDC)

Answer 21

Literacy rate is low: 77%. -> suggests education is poor.

Question 22

Is the DRC politically stable? (Case study: The impact of global governance of human rights in the DRC, and LIDC)

Answer 22

No.

Question 23

Outline 4 human rights issues in the DRC.

Answer 23

- Civilian loss of life, disappearances, torture, and rape. - People displaced from their homes (IDP) and refugees. - Limited access to health care and education. - High rates of MMR and IMR. - Food insecurity - high rates of malnutrition. - Child recruitment by military groups. - People trafficking. - Forced labour. - Domestic violence. - Limited land and property rights for women

Question 24

Who is the most vulnerable in the DRC?

Answer 24

Women and children in the poorest rural areas.

Question 25

If you could improve 3 issues in the DRC, which 3 would you pick and why?

Answer 25

Limited access to health care and education: Education issues creates a cycle of corruption, as children are constantly naïve to conflict events. Child recruitment by military groups: Encourages conflict as well as the death of future DRC generations. Civilian loss of life, disappearances, torture, and rape: Reduces the death and suffering of citizens.

Question 26

Which do you think is the hardest to change/ overcome?

Answer 26

Limited access to healthcare and education, as even if government legislation allows more people to go to school, it does not guarantee that people will. If children are discouraged not to go to school, this has major consequences, as they are then drawn into the corruption cycles of rebel groups.

Question 27

Outline intergovernmental strategies in the DRC. (Global Governance Strategies in the DRC)

Answer 27

UN Stabilisation Mission, (MONUSCO): To protect civilians, humanitarian personnel, and human rights defenders under imminent threat of physical violence. Supports the DRC government in attempting to consolidate peace efforts. Over 18,000 personnel are deployed near the Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi borders. Only effective in national government is in favour of their support, otherwise they can only provide limited aid.

Question 28

Outline National Government strategies in the DRC. (Global Governance Strategies in the DRC)

Answer 28

The President of DRC (Tshisekedi) has created a coalition government: Aims to include improvements in governance, economic development, safety, and access to healthcare, sanitation, and education. It also recognises the importance of co-operation and co-ordination in working with the UN and NGOs.

Question 29

Outline UN agencies and Govt co-operating to achieve stabilisation and development strategies in the DRC. (Global Governance Strategies in the DRC)

Answer 29

Co-operate with the Congolese government to achieve stabilisation and development in the DRC. OHCHR: Human rights issues mainly in the east. UNICEF: Provide primary education. WHO: Responding to Ebola and Measles outbreaks.

Question 30

Outline NGO strategies in the DRC. (Global Governance Strategies in the DRC)

Answer 30

CARE: Helping to reduce mortality, strengthen local governance, improve gender equality and food security and reduce vulnerability to social injustices especially for political migrants. Action Aid: Working to improve community resilience by providing agricultural tools, seeds, and training to promote self-sufficiency and prove access to education for children.

Question 31

Outline NGO support strategies in the DRC. (Global Governance Strategies in the DRC)

Answer 31

USAID: Helps to fund a number of NGOs and it has development programmes such as encouraging democracy, improving education and raising incomes. E.g. in support of small-scale coffee farmers in the east of the country. UK Aid Direct: Provides funds for smaller NGOs working in the DRC to promote and protect human rights.

Question 32

Which global governance strategy do you think will be most effective? (Global Governance Strategies in the DRC)

Answer 32

Intergovernmental/ national: can enforce legal change through the creating of legislation and laws. This means that people must abide to new laws. However, NGOs are able to help innocent villages and civilians, but given the danger and corruption that villagers experience, this may not be effective; putting NGO workers at risk (thus UN forces are needed).

Question 33

Outline stability as an opportunity within the DRC. (Opportunities for stability, growth and development in DRC)

Answer 33

UN missions help to improve political stability by preventing recurrence of major conflict and promoting unification of the country. In January 2019 the election of a new President (Tshisekedi) was the first peaceful transfer of power in the country's history. The UN, national government and NGOs aim to co-operate and co-ordinate their response to high incidence of human rights violations. The UN and African Union have established peace and security and human rights treaties available for the government to sign and ratify.

Question 34

Outline growth as an opportunity within the DRC. (Opportunities for stability, growth and development in DRC)

Answer 34

The DRC has potential to become one of the richest economies in Africa - mineral resources include gold, diamonds, tin, uranium, oil, copper, cobalt (used in smartphone batteries). Increased global demand for copper and cobalt has driven recent economic growth (3.9%, 2020). The DRC participates in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI); this requires publication of revenues, improved governmental management of the mining sector, attracting FDI. The UN Stabilising mission has enabled a wider range of service provision to help stimulate local economies. NGOs are promoting economic growth at local scale through training and employment in agriculture and development of grassroots women's organisations.

Question 35

Outline development as an opportunity within the DRC. (Opportunities for stability, growth and development in DRC)

Answer 35

The DRC's HDI has improved only slowly; by 2018 it was 0.459 - global rank 179th. The UN and civil society organisations are implementing the 17 SDGs within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The World Bank Group aims to fight poverty and improve standards of living.

Question 36

State 2 development projects being used in the DRC. (Opportunities for stability, growth and development in DRC)

Answer 36

Equal access to education for all school age children. Forest management, working with indigenous peoples to improve livelihoods, conserve biodiversity and forest resources. Supporting the government in preventing food insecurity and malnutrition in children and pregnant women. Promoting behavioural change towards gender equality; supporting victims of violence. Supporting micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, increasing employment opportunities.

Question 37

Outline gender inequality as a challenge within the DRC. (Challenges of inequality and injustice in DRC)

Answer 37

Many women and young girls are subject to domestic violence. Improving the status of women beyond that of raising children and working in the fields in rural communities. Many women and young girls are subject to sex trafficking and forced labour. Improving access to primary education for young girls; half of 15-24 year-old women are illiterate. Empowering women to have control over family size; total fertility rate is 5.7. Improving levels of female participation in government and decision making from national to local scales. Many young children are forcibly recruited as child soldiers. Limited access to health care and education throughout the country. Rural areas are most affected by lack of services, lack of road access and poverty; rural populations have limited access to clean water and sanitation and are subject to water-borne disease outbreaks as well as the pervasive problem of malaria. High IMR (68.2/1000 live births) and MMR (473/100,000 live births).

Question 38

Outline injustice as a challenge within the DRC. (Challenges of inequality and injustice in DRC)

Answer 38

The government needs to strengthen rule of law, ensure elections are democratic, support an independent and effective judiciary, reduce levels of poverty, preserve rights of IDPs and returning refugees, ensure justice for victims of gender inequality, people trafficking and forced labour. Vulnerable urban street children, orphaned or separated from their families need protection. The DRC state apparatus needs strengthening; the government needs to protect its civilian population from serious human rights violations especially in the east of the country. 74% of the population live in extreme poverty on less than $1.90 per day; many are driven into artisanal mining with dangerous working conditions and exploitation by traders offering unfair prices.

Question 39

Which is the greatest challenge in the DRC?

Answer 39

Socio-political challenges. Improving access to primary education for young girls; half of 15-24 year-old women are illiterate. This is of high significance, as without education children are more naïve of the issues they and their communities are subject to. This is a long-term challenge, so is more difficult to overcome. With conflict still occurring, the building of schools is pointless, as they are quickly destroyed by rebel groups. Instead, the DRC state needs to strengthening their apparatus - in order to protect its civilian population from serious human rights violations (especially in the east of the country).

Question 40

Which is the greatest opportunity in the DRC?

Answer 40

Mineral resources include gold, diamonds, tin, uranium, oil, copper, cobalt. These can be sold raw, or used in technology. With improvements from globalisation this could create incredibly significant wealth for the country. If this was done equally and sustainably, it could dramatically boost HDI.